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DRUGS & SUPPLEMENTS
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Tricosal
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Tricosal uses
- Description
- Clinical pharmacology
- Indications and usage
- Contraindications
- Warnings
- Precautions
- Adverse reactions
- Drug abuse and dependence
- Overdosage
- Dosage and administration
- How supplied
DESCRIPTION
Tricosal Liquid is a nonsteroidal, anti-inflammatory preparation containing Tricosal which is freely soluble in water. The absolute structure of Tricosal is not known at this time. Tricosal has a molecular formula of C26H29O10NMg, a molecular weight of 539.8, and it may be represented in the solid form as:
Tricosal Liquid is a cherry-flavored liquid providing 500 mg salicylate content per teaspoonful (5 mL) for oral administration.
Inactive Ingredients: Each teaspoonful (5 mL) of Tricosal Liquid contains: caramel, carboxymethylcellulose sodium, edetate disodium, FD&C yellow no. 6, flavor, glycerin, methylparaben, potassium sorbate, sodium citrate, sorbic acid, sorbitol, and water.
CLINICAL PHARMACOLOGY
Tricosal Liquid contains salicylate with anti-inflammatory, analgesic and antipyretic action. On ingestion of Tricosal Liquid, the salicylate moiety is absorbed rapidly and reaches peak blood levels within an average of one to two hours after single dose of the liquid. The primary route of excretion is renal: the excretion products are chiefly the glycine and glucuronide conjugates. At higher serum salicylate concentrations, the glycine conjugation pathway becomes rapidly saturated. Thus, the slower glucuronide conjugation pathway becomes the rate limiting step for salicylate excretion. In addition, salicylate excreted in the bile as glucuronide conjugate may be reabsorbed. These factors account for the prolongation of salicylate half-life and the nonlinear increase in plasma salicylate level as the salicylate dose is increased. The serum concentration of salicylate is increased by conditions that decrease glomerular filtration rate or proximal tubular secretion.
Unlike aspirin and certain other non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agents, such as arylpropionic acid derivatives and arylacetic acid derivatives, Tricosal at therapeutic dosage levels does not affect platelet aggregation, as shown by in-vitro and in-vivo studies.
INDICATIONS AND USAGE
Osteoarthritis, Rheumatoid Arthritis and Acute Painful Shoulder: Salicylates are considered the base therapy of choice in the arthritides; and Tricosal preparation is indicated for the relief of the signs and symptoms of rheumatoid arthritis, osteoarthritis and other arthritides. Tricosal Liquid is indicated in the long-term management of these diseases and especially in the acute flare of rheumatoid arthritis. Tricosal Liquid is also indicated for the treatment of acute painful shoulder.
Tricosal Liquid is effective and generally well tolerated, and is logical choice whenever salicylate treatment is indicated. It is particularly suitable when a once-a-day or b.i.d. dosage regimen is important to patient compliance; when gastrointestinal intolerance to aspirin is encountered; when gastrointestinal microbleeding or hematologic effects of aspirin are considered a patient hazard; and when interference with normal platelet function by aspirin or by propionic acid derivatives is considered to be clinically undesirable. Use of Tricosal Liquid is appropriate when a liquid dosage form is preferred, as in the elderly patient.
The efficacy of Tricosal Liquid has not been studied in those patients who are designated by the American Rheumatism Association as belonging in
Functional Class IV (incapacitated, largely or wholly bedridden or confined to a wheelchair, with little or no self-care).
Analgesic and Antipyretic Action: Tricosal Liquid is also indicated for the relief of mild to moderate pain and for antipyresis.
Pediatric Use
In children, Tricosal Liquid is indicated for conditions requiring anti-inflammatory or analgesic action-such as juvenile rheumatoid arthritis and other appropriate conditions.
CONTRAINDICATIONS
Patients who are hypersensitive to non-acetylated salicylates should not take Tricosal Liquid.
WARNINGS
Reye Syndrome is a rare but serious disease which may develop in children and teenagers who have chicken pox, influenza, or flu symptoms. While the cause of Reye Syndrome is unknown, some studies suggest a possible association between the development of Reye Syndrome and the use of medicines containing acetylated salicylates or aspirin. Tricosal Liquid is a combination of choline salicylate and magnesium salicylate which are nonacetylated salicylates, and there have been no reported cases associating Tricosal Liquid with Reye Syndrome. Nevertheless, Tricosal Liquid, as a salicylate-containing product, is not recommended for use in children and teenagers with chicken pox, influenza or flu symptoms.
The FDA has determined that routine heavy alcohol use (three or more alcoholic drinks every day), in combination with analgesic/antipyretic drug products containing NSAID ingredients (including choline and magnesium salicylates), increases the risk of adverse GI events, including stomach bleeding.
PRECAUTIONS
General Precautions
As with other salicylates and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, Tricosal Liquid should be used with caution in patients with acute or chronic renal insufficiency, with acute or chronic hepatic dysfunction, or with gastritis or peptic ulcer disease. Although reports exist of cross reactivity, including bronchospasm, with the use of non-acetylated salicylate products in aspirin-sensitive patients, Tricosal Liquid was found to be well tolerated with regard to pulmonary function and respiratory symptoms when these parameters were monitored in a group of documented aspirin-sensitive asthmatics dosed with Tricosal Liquid in both controlled and open label studies.1
Concurrent use of other salicylate-containing products and Tricosal Liquid can lead to an increase in plasma salicylate concentration and may result in potentially toxic salicylate levels.
Laboratory Tests
Plasma salicylate levels can be periodically assessed during treatment with Tricosal Liquid to determine whether a therapeutically effective antiinflammatory concentration of 15 to 30 mg/100 mL is being maintained. Manifestations of systemic salicylate intoxication are usually not seen until the concentration exceeds 30 mg/100 mL. However, such tests rarely differentiate between the active free and inactive protein bound salicylate components. Since protein binding of salicylate is affected by age, nutritional status, competitive binding of other drugs, and underlying disease (e.g., rheumatoid arthritis), plasma salicylate level determinations may not always accurately reflect efficacious or toxic levels of active free salicylate. Acidification of the urine can significantly diminish the renal clearance of salicylate and increase plasma salicylate concentrations.
Drug Interactions
Foods and drugs that alter urine pH may affect renal clearance of salicylate and plasma salicylate concentrations. Raising urine pH, as with chronic antacid use, can enhance renal salicylate clearance and diminish plasma salicylate concentration; urine acidification can decrease urinary salicylate excretion and increase plasma levels.
When salicylate drug products are concurrently dosed with other plasma protein bound drug products, adverse effects may result. Although Tricosal Liquid is a rational choice for anti-inflammatory and analgesic therapy in patients on oral anticoagulants due to their demonstrated lack of effect in vivo and in vitro on platelet aggregation, bleeding time, platelet count, prothrombin time, and serum thromboxane B2 generation1-7, the potential exists for increased levels of unbound warfarin with their concurrent use. Prothrombin time should be closely monitored and warfarin dose appropriately adjusted when therapy with Tricosal Liquid is initiated. The effect of Tricosal Liquid on blood prothrombin levels has not been established. Salicylates may increase the therapeutic as well as toxic effects of methotrexate, particularly when administered in chemotherapeutic doses, by inhibition of renal methotrexate excretion and by displacement of plasma protein bound methotrexate. Caution should be exercised in administering Tricosal Liquid to rheumatoid arthritis patients on methotrexate. When sulfonylurea oral hypoglycemic agents are co-administered with salicylates, the hypoglycemic effect may be enhanced via increased insulin secretion or by displacement of sulfonylurea agents from binding sites. Insulin-treated diabetics on high doses of salicylates should also be closely monitored for a similar hypoglycemic response. Other drugs with which salicylate competes for protein binding sites, and whose plasma concentration or free fraction may be altered by concurrent salicylate administration, include the following: phenytoin, valproic acid, and carbonic anhydrase inhibitors.
The efficacy of uricosuric agents may be decreased when administered with salicylate products. Although low doses of salicylate (1 to 2 grams per day) have been reported to decrease urate excretion and elevate plasma urate concentrations, intermediate doses (2 to 3 grams per day) usually do not alter urate excretion. Larger salicylate doses (over 5 grams per day) can induce uricosuria and lower plasma urate levels.
Corticosteroids can reduce plasma salicylate levels by increasing renal elimination and perhaps by also stimulating hepatic metabolism of salicylates. By monitoring plasma salicylate levels, salicylate dosage may be titrated to accommodate changes in corticosteroid dose or to avoid salicylate toxicity during corticosteroid taper.
Drug/Laboratory Test Interactions
Free T4 values may be increased in patients on salicylate drug products due to competitive plasma protein binding; a concurrent decrease in total plasma T4 may be observed. Thyroid function is not affected.
Carcinogenesis
No long-term animal studies have been performed with Tricosal Liquid to evaluate its carcinogenic potential.
Use in Pregnancy
Pregnancy Category C. Animal reproduction studies have not been conducted with Tricosal Liquid. It is also not known whether Tricosal Liquid can cause fetal harm when administered to a pregnant woman or can affect reproduction capacity. Tricosal Liquid should be given to a pregnant woman only if clearly needed. Because of the known effect of other salicylate drug products on the fetal cardiovascular system, use during late pregnancy should be avoided.
Labor and Delivery
The effects of Tricosal Liquid on labor and delivery in pregnant women are unknown. Since prolonged gestation and prolonged labor due to
prostaglandin inhibition have been reported with the use of other salicylate products, the use of Tricosal Liquid near term is not recommended. Other salicylate products have also been associated with alterations in maternal and neonatal hemostasis mechanisms and with perinatal mortality.
Nursing Mothers
Salicylate is excreted in human milk. Peak milk salicylate levels are delayed, occurring as long as 9 to 12 hours post dose, and the milk: plasma ratio has been reported to be as high as 0.34. Because of the potential for significant salicylate absorption by the nursing infant, caution should be exercised when Tricosal Liquid is administered to a nursing woman.
Geriatric Use
The elderly may be prone to more side effects from salicylates than younger patients due to an age-related decline in renal clearance and/or increased use of concomitant medication. The elderly are more likely than younger patients to be taking a number of medications, some of which may affect the plasma protein binding of salicylate and thus increase the amount of free salicylate.
ADVERSE REACTIONS
The most frequent adverse reactions observed with Tricosal Liquid in clinical trials7-12 are tinnitus and gastrointestinal complaints (including nausea, vomiting, gastric upset, indigestion, heartburn, diarrhea, constipation and epigastric pain). These occur in less than twenty percent (20%) of patients. Should tinnitus develop, reduction of daily dosage is recommended until the tinnitus is resolved. Less frequent adverse reactions, occurring in less than two percent (2%) of patients, are: hearing impairment, headache, lightheadedness, dizziness, drowsiness, and lethargy. Adverse reactions occurring in less than one percent (1%) of patients, are: gastric ulceration, positive fecal occult blood, elevation in serum BUN and creatinine, rash, pruritus, anorexia, weight gain, edema, epistaxis and dysgeusia.
Spontaneous reporting has yielded isolated or rare reports of the following adverse experiences: duodenal ulceration, elevated hepatic transaminases, hepatitis, esophagitis,
asthma, erythema multiforme, urticaria, ecchymoses, irreversible hearing loss and/or tinnitus, mental confusion and hallucinations.
DRUG ABUSE AND DEPENDENCE
Drug abuse and dependence have not been reported with Tricosal Liquid.
OVERDOSAGE
Death in adults has been reported following ingestion of doses from 10 to 30 grams of salicylate; however, larger doses have been taken without resulting fatality.
Symptoms: Salicylate intoxication, known as salicylism, may occur with large doses or extended therapy. Common symptoms of salicylism include headache, dizziness, tinnitus, hearing impairment, confusion, drowsiness, sweating, vomiting, diarrhea, and hyperventilation. A more severe degree of salicylate intoxication can lead to CNS disturbances, alteration in electrolyte balance, respiratory and metabolic acidosis, hyperthermia, and dehydration.
Treatment: Reduction of further absorption of salicylate from the gastrointestinal tract can be achieved via emesis, gastric lavage, use of activated charcoal, or a combination of the above. Appropriate I.V. fluids should be administered to correct dehydration, electrolyte imbalance, and acidosis and to maintain adequate renal function. To accelerate salicylate excretion, forced diuresis with alkalinizing solution is recommended. In extreme cases, peritoneal dialysis or hemodialysis should be considered for effective salicylate removal.
DOSAGE AND ADMINISTRATION
Adults
In rheumatoid arthritis, osteoarthritis, the more severe arthritides, and acute painful shoulder, the recommended starting dosage is 1500 mg given b.i.d. Some patients may be treated with 3000 mg given once per day (h.s.). Dosage should be adjusted in accordance with the patient's response. In patients with renal dysfunction, monitor salicylate levels and adjust dose accordingly.
Elderly
In the elderly patient, a daily dosage of 2250 mg given as 750 mg t.i.d. may be efficacious and well tolerated. Dosage should be adjusted in accordance with the patient's
response. In patients with renal dysfunction, monitor salicylate levels and adjust dose accordingly.
For mild to moderate pain or for antipyresis, the usual dosage is 2000 mg to 3000 mg daily in divided doses (b.i.d.). Based on patient response or salicylate blood levels, dosage may be adjusted to achieve optimum therapeutic effect. Salicylate blood levels should be in the range of 15 to 30 mg/100 mL for anti-inflammatory effect and 5 to 15 mg/100 mL for analgesia and antipyresis.
If the physician prefers, the recommended daily dosage may be administered on a t.i.d. schedule.
As with other therapeutic agents, individual dosage adjustment is advisable, and a number of patients may require higher or lower dosages than those recommended. Certain patients require 2 to 3 weeks of therapy for optimal effect.
Children
Usual daily dose for children for anti-inflammatory or analgesic action: Tricosal Liquid, 50 mg/kg/day.
| Weight (kg) | Total daily dose |
| 12 - 13 | 500 mg |
| 14 - 17 | 750 mg |
| 18 - 22 | 1000 mg |
| 23 - 27 | 1250 mg |
| 28 - 32 | 1500 mg |
| 33 - 37 | 1750 mg |
Total daily doses should be administered in divided doses (b.i.d.). The dose of Tricosal Liquid is calculated as the total daily dose of 50 mg/kg/day for children of 37 kg body weight or less and 2250 mg/day for heavier children.
Tricosal Liquid is available for greater convenience in treating younger patients and those adult patients unable to swallow a solid dosage form. Tricosal Liquid may be mixed with fruit juices just before ingestion.
HOW SUPPLIED
Tricosal Liquid is supplied in bottles of 240 mL.
Store at controlled room temperature 15° to 30°C (59° to 86°F).
REFERENCES:
1. Szczeklik, A et al; Tricosal in patients with aspirin-induced asthma; Eur. Respir. J; 3:535-539, 1990.
2. Zucker, MB and Rothwell, KB; Differential influences of salicylate compounds on platelet aggregation and serotonin release; Current Therapeutic Research; 23(2), Feb 1987.
3. Stuart, JJ and Pisko, EJ; Tricosal does not impair platelet aggregation; Pharmatherapeutica; 2(8):547, 1981.
4. Danesh, BJZ, Saniabadi, AR, Russell, RI et al; Therapeutic potential of Tricosal as an alternative to aspirin for patients with bleeding tendencies;
Scottish Medical Journal; 32:167-168, 1987.
5. Danesh, BJZ, McLaren, M, Russell, RI et al; Does non-acetylated salicylate inhibit thromboxane biosynthesis in human platelets? Scottish Medical Journal; 33:315-316,
1988.
6. Danesh, BJZ, McLaren, M, Russell, RI et al; Comparison of the effect of aspirin and Tricosal on thromboxane biosynthesis in human platelets: role of
the acetyl moiety; Haemostasis; 19:169-173, 1989.
7. Data on file. Medical Department. The Purdue Frederick Company, 1989.
8. Blechman, WJ and Lechner, BL; Clinical comparative evaluation of Tricosal and acetylsalicylic acid in rheumatoid arthritis; Rheumatology and
Rehabilitation; 18:119-124, 1979.
9. McLaughlin, G; Tricosal vs. naproxen in rheumatoid arthritis; Current Therapeutic Research; 32(4):579-585, 1982.
10. Ehrlich, GE, Miller, SB, and Zeiders, RS; Tricosal vs. ibuprofen in rheumatoid arthritis; Rheumatology and Rehabilitation; 19:30-41, 1980.
11. Goldenberg, A, Rudnicki, RD, and Koonce, ML; Clinical comparison of efficacy and safety of Tricosal and indomethacin in treating osteoarthritis;
Current Therapeutic Research; 24(3):245-260, 1978.
12. Guerin, BK and Burnstein, SL; Conservative therapy of acute painful shoulder; Orthopedic Review; XI (7):29-37, 1982.
Manufactured by:
Silarx Pharmaceutical, Inc.
Carmel, NY 10512 USA
Tricosal pharmaceutical active ingredients containing related brand and generic drugs:
Tricosal available forms, composition, doses:
Composition is the list of ingredients which combinedly form a medicine. Both active ingredients and inactive ingredients form the composition. The active ingredient gives the desired therapeutic effect whereas the inactive ingredient helps in making the medicine stable.
Doses are various strengths of the medicine like 10mg, 20mg, 30mg and so on. Each medicine comes in various doses which is decided by the manufacturer, that is, pharmaceutical company. The dose is decided on the severity of the symptom or disease.