STV

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STV uses


WARNING: LACTIC ACIDOSIS and HEPATOMEGALY with STEATOSIS; PANCREATITIS

Lactic acidosis and severe hepatomegaly with steatosis, including fatal cases, have been reported with the use of nucleoside analogues alone or in combination, including STV and other antiretrovirals. Fatal lactic acidosis has been reported in pregnant women who received the combination of STV and didanosine with other antiretroviral agents. The combination of STV and didanosine should be used with caution during pregnancy and is recommended only if the potential benefit clearly outweighs the potential risk [see Warnings and Precautions (5.1) ].

Fatal and nonfatal pancreatitis have occurred during therapy when STV was part of a combination regimen that included didanosine in both treatment-naive and treatment-experienced patients, regardless of degree of immunosuppression [see Warnings and Precautions (5.4) ].

WARNING: LACTIC ACIDOSIS and HEPATOMEGALY with

STEATOSIS; PANCREATITIS

See full prescribing information for complete boxed warning.

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1 INDICATIONS AND USAGE

STV® (stavudine), in combination with other antiretroviral agents, is indicated for the treatment of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-1 infection [see Clinical Studies (14) ].

STV (stavudine) is a nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor for use in combination with other antiretroviral agents for the treatment of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-1 infection. (1)

2 DOSAGE AND ADMINISTRATION

The interval between doses of STV should be 12 hours. STV may be taken with or without food.

2.1 Recommended Adult Dosage

The recommended adult dosage is based on body weight as follows:

2.2 Recommended Pediatric Dosage

2.3 Dosage Adjustment

Renal Impairment

Adult Patients: STV may be administered to adult patients with impaired renal function with an adjustment in dosage as shown in Table 1.

Creatinine

Clearance

Recommended STV Dose

by Patient Weight

at least 60 kg less than 60 kg
* Administered after the completion of hemodialysis on dialysis days and at the same time of day on non-dialysis days.

greater than 50


40 mg every 12 hours


30 mg every 12 hours


26–50


20 mg every 12 hours


15 mg every 12 hours


10–25


20 mg every 24 hours


15 mg every 24 hours


Hemodialysis


20 mg every 24 hours*


15 mg every 24 hours*


Pediatric Patients: Since urinary excretion is also a major route of elimination of STV in pediatric patients, the clearance of STV may be altered in children with renal impairment. There are insufficient data to recommend a specific dose adjustment of STV in this patient population.

2.4 Method of Preparation for Oral Solution

Prior to dispensing, the pharmacist must constitute the dry powder with purified water to a concentration of 1 mg STV per mL of solution, as follows:

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3 DOSAGE FORMS AND STRENGTHS

4 CONTRAINDICATIONS

STV is contraindicated in patients with clinically significant hypersensitivity to STV or to any of the components contained in the formulation.

STV is contraindicated in patients with clinically significant hypersensitivity to STV or to any of the components of this product. (4)

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5 WARNINGS AND PRECAUTIONS

5.1 Lactic Acidosis/Severe Hepatomegaly with Steatosis

Lactic acidosis and severe hepatomegaly with steatosis, including fatal cases, have been reported with the use of nucleoside analogues alone or in combination, including STV and other antiretrovirals. Although relative rates of lactic acidosis have not been assessed in prospective well-controlled trials, longitudinal cohort and retrospective studies suggest that this infrequent event may be more often associated with antiretroviral combinations containing STV. Female gender, obesity, and prolonged nucleoside exposure may be risk factors. Fatal lactic acidosis has been reported in pregnant women who received the combination of STV and didanosine with other antiretroviral agents. The combination of STV and didanosine should be used with caution during pregnancy and is recommended only if the potential benefit clearly outweighs the potential risk [see Use in Specific Populations (8.1) ].

Particular caution should be exercised when administering STV to any patient with known risk factors for liver disease; however, cases of lactic acidosis have also been reported in patients with no known risk factors. Generalized fatigue, digestive symptoms (nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, and unexplained weight loss); respiratory symptoms (tachypnea and dyspnea); or neurologic symptoms, including motor weakness [see Warnings and Precautions (5.3) ] might be indicative of the development of symptomatic hyperlactatemia or lactic acidosis syndrome.

Treatment with STV (stavudine) should be suspended in any patient who develops clinical or laboratory findings suggestive of symptomatic hyperlactatemia, lactic acidosis, or pronounced hepatotoxicity (which may include hepatomegaly and steatosis even in the absence of marked transaminase elevations). Permanent discontinuation of STV should be considered for patients with confirmed lactic acidosis.

5.2 Hepatic Toxicity

The safety and efficacy of STV have not been established in HIV-infected patients with significant underlying liver disease. During combination antiretroviral therapy, patients with preexisting liver dysfunction, including chronic active hepatitis, have an increased frequency of liver function abnormalities, including severe and potentially fatal hepatic adverse events, and should be monitored according to standard practice. If there is evidence of worsening liver disease in such patients, interruption or discontinuation of treatment must be considered.

Hepatotoxicity and hepatic failure resulting in death were reported during postmarketing surveillance in HIV-infected patients treated with hydroxyurea and other antiretroviral agents. Fatal hepatic events were reported most often in patients treated with the combination of hydroxyurea, didanosine, and STV. This combination should be avoided. [See Adverse Reactions .]

Use with Interferon and Ribavirin-Based Regimens

In vitro studies have shown ribavirin can reduce the phosphorylation of pyrimidine nucleoside analogues such as STV. Although no evidence of a pharmacokinetic or pharmacodynamic (eg, loss of HIV-1/HCV virologic suppression) interaction was seen when ribavirin was coadministered with STV in HIV-1/HCV co-infected patients [see Drug Interactions (7) ], hepatic decompensation (some fatal) has occurred in HIV-1/HCV co-infected patients receiving combination antiretroviral therapy for HIV-1 and interferon and ribavirin. Patients receiving interferon with or without ribavirin and STV should be closely monitored for treatment-associated toxicities, especially hepatic decompensation. Discontinuation of STV should be considered as medically appropriate. Dose reduction or discontinuation of interferon, ribavirin, or both should also be considered if worsening clinical toxicities are observed, including hepatic decompensation (eg, Child-Pugh >6) (see the full prescribing information for interferon and ribavirin).

5.3 Neurologic Symptoms

Motor weakness has been reported rarely in patients receiving combination antiretroviral therapy including STV. Most of these cases occurred in the setting of lactic acidosis. The evolution of motor weakness may mimic the clinical presentation of Guillain-Barré syndrome. If motor weakness develops, STV should be discontinued. Symptoms may continue or worsen following discontinuation of therapy.

Peripheral sensory neuropathy, manifested by numbness, tingling, or pain in the hands or feet, has been reported in patients receiving STV therapy. Peripheral neuropathy, which can be severe, is dose related and occurs more frequently in patients with advanced HIV-1 disease, a history of peripheral neuropathy, or in patients receiving other drugs that have been associated with neuropathy, including didanosine [see Adverse Reactions (6) ].

Patients should be monitored for the development of peripheral neuropathy. Stavudine-related peripheral neuropathy may resolve if therapy is withdrawn promptly. If peripheral neuropathy develops permanent discontinuation of STV should be considered. In some cases, symptoms may worsen temporarily following discontinuation of therapy.

5.4 Pancreatitis

Fatal and nonfatal pancreatitis have occurred during therapy when STV was part of a combination regimen that included didanosine in both treatment-naive and treatment-experienced patients, regardless of degree of immunosuppression. The combination of STV and didanosine and any other agents that are toxic to the pancreas should be suspended in patients with suspected pancreatitis. Reinstitution of STV after a confirmed diagnosis of pancreatitis should be undertaken with particular caution and close patient monitoring; avoid use in combination with didanosine.

5.5 Fat Redistribution

Redistribution/accumulation of body fat including central obesity, dorsocervical fat enlargement, peripheral wasting, facial wasting, breast enlargement, and “cushingoid appearance” have been observed in patients receiving antiretroviral therapy.

In randomized controlled trials of treatment-naive patients, clinical lipoatrophy or lipodystrophy developed in a higher proportion of patients treated with STV compared to other nucleosides (tenofovir or abacavir). Dual energy x-ray absorptiometry (DEXA) scans demonstrated overall limb fat loss in stavudine-treated patients compared to limb fat gain or no gain in patients treated with other nucleosides (abacavir, tenofovir, or zidovudine). The incidence and severity of lipoatrophy or lipodystrophy are cumulative over time with stavudine-containing regimens. In clinical trials, switching from STV to other nucleosides (tenofovir or abacavir) resulted in increases in limb fat with modest to no improvements in clinical lipoatrophy. Patients receiving STV should be monitored for symptoms or signs of lipoatrophy or lipodystrophy and questioned about body changes related to lipoatrophy or lipodystrophy. Given the potential risks of using STV including lipoatrophy or lipodystrophy, a benefit-risk assessment for each patient should be made and an alternative antiretroviral should be considered.

5.6 Immune Reconstitution Syndrome

Immune reconstitution syndrome has been reported in patients treated with combination antiretroviral therapy, including STV. During the initial phase of combination antiretroviral treatment, patients whose immune system responds may develop an inflammatory response to indolent or residual opportunistic infections (such as Mycobacterium avium infection, cytomegalovirus, Pneumocystis jiroveci pneumonia (PCP), or tuberculosis), which may necessitate further evaluation and treatment.

Autoimmune disorders (such as Graves’ disease, polymyositis, and Guillain-Barré syndrome) have also been reported to occur in the setting of immune reconstitution; however, the time to onset is more variable, and can occur many months after initiation of treatment.

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6 ADVERSE REACTIONS

The following adverse reactions are discussed in greater detail in other sections of the labeling:


When STV is used in combination with other agents with similar toxicities, the incidence of adverse reactions may be higher than when STV is used alone.


To report SUSPECTED ADVERSE REACTIONS, contact Bristol-Myers Squibb at 1-800-721-5072 or FDA at 1-800-FDA-1088 or www.fda.gov/medwatch.

6.1 Clinical Trial Experience in Adults

Because clinical trials are conducted under widely varying conditions, adverse reaction rates observed in the clinical trials of a drug cannot be directly compared to rates in the clinical trials of another drug and may not reflect the rates observed in clinical practice.

Selected adverse reactions that occurred in adult patients receiving STV in a controlled monotherapy study (Study AI455-019) are provided in Table 2.

Percent (%)
Adverse Reaction STVb

(40 mg twice daily)

(n=412)

zidovudine

(200 mg 3 times daily)

(n=402)

a The incidences reported included all severity grades and all reactions regardless of causality.

b Median duration of STV therapy = 79 weeks; median duration of zidovudine therapy = 53 weeks.


Headache


54


49


Diarrhea


50


44


Peripheral Neurologic

Symptoms/Neuropathy


52


39


Rash


40


35


Nausea and Vomiting


39


44


Pancreatitis was observed in 3 of the 412 adult patients who received STV in study AI455-019.

Selected adverse reactions that occurred in antiretroviral-naive adult patients receiving STV from two controlled combination studies are provided in Table 3.

Percent (%)
START 1 START 2b
Adverse Reaction STV +

lamivudine +

indinavir

(n=100c)

zidovudine +

lamivudine +

indinavir

(n=102)

STV +

didanosine +

indinavir

(n=102c)

zidovudine +

lamivudine +

indinavir

(n=103)

a The incidences reported included all severity grades and all reactions regardless of causality.

b START 2 compared two triple-combination regimens in 205 treatment-naive patients. Patients received either STV (40 mg twice daily) plus didanosine plus indinavir or zidovudine plus lamivudine plus indinavir.

c Duration of STV therapy = 48 weeks.


Nausea


43


63


53


67


Diarrhea


34


16


45


39


Headache


25


26


46


37


Rash


18


13


30


18


Vomiting


18


33


30


35


Peripheral Neurologic

Symptoms/Neuropathy


8


7


21


10


Selected laboratory abnormalities reported in a controlled monotherapy study (Study AI455-019) are provided in Table 4.

Percent (%)
Parameter STV

(40 mg twice daily)

(n=412)

zidovudine

(200 mg 3 times daily)

(n=402)

a Data presented for patients for whom laboratory evaluations were performed.

b Median duration of STV therapy = 79 weeks; median duration of zidovudine therapy = 53 weeks.

ULN = upper limit of normal.


AST (SGOT)

(>5.0 × ULN)


11


10


ALT (SGPT)

(>5.0 × ULN)


13


11


Amylase

(≥1.4 × ULN)


14


13


Selected laboratory abnormalities reported in two controlled combination studies are provided in Tables 5 and 6.

Percent (%)
START 1 START 2
Parameter STV +

lamivudine +

indinavir

(n=100)

zidovudine +

lamivudine +

indinavir

(n=102)

STV +

didanosine +

indinavir

(n=102)

zidovudine +

lamivudine +

indinavir

(n=103)

ULN = upper limit of normal.

Bilirubin

(>2.6 × ULN)


7


6


16


8


AST (SGOT)

(>5 × ULN)


5


2


7


7


ALT (SGPT)

(>5 × ULN)


6


2


8


5


GGT

(>5 × ULN)


2


2


5


2


Lipase

(>2 × ULN)


6


3


5


5


Amylase

(>2 × ULN)


4


<1


8


2

Percent (%)
START 1 START 2
Parameter STV +

lamivudine +

indinavir

(n=100)

zidovudine +

lamivudine +

indinavir

(n=102)

STV +

didanosine +

indinavir

(n=102)

zidovudine +

lamivudine +

indinavir

(n=103)


Total Bilirubin


65


60


68


55


AST (SGOT)


42


20


53


20


ALT (SGPT)


40


20


50


18


GGT


15


8


28


12


Lipase


27


12


26


19


Amylase


21


19


31


17

6.2 Clinical Trial Experience in Pediatric Patients

Adverse reactions and serious laboratory abnormalities reported in pediatric patients from birth through adolescence during clinical trials were similar in type and frequency to those seen in adult patients. [See Use in Specific Populations .]

6.3 Postmarketing Experience

The following adverse reactions have been identified during postmarketing use of STV. Because these reactions are reported voluntarily from a population of unknown size, it is not always possible to reliably estimate their frequency or establish a causal relationship to drug exposure. These reactions have been chosen for inclusion due to their seriousness, frequency of reporting, causal connection to STV, or a combination of these factors.


Use with Didanosine- and Hydroxyurea-Based Regimens

When STV is used in combination with other agents with similar toxicities, the incidence of these toxicities may be higher than when STV is used alone. Thus, patients treated with STV in combination with didanosine, with or without hydroxyurea, may be at increased risk for pancreatitis and hepatotoxicity, which may be fatal, and severe peripheral neuropathy [see Warnings and Precautions (5) ]. The combination of STV and hydroxyurea, with or without didanosine, should be avoided.

7 DRUG INTERACTIONS

STV is unlikely to interact with drugs metabolized by cytochrome P450 isoenzymes.

Zidovudine: Zidovudine competitively inhibits the intracellular phosphorylation of STV. Therefore, use of zidovudine in combination with STV (stavudine) should be avoided.

Doxorubicin: In vitro data indicate that the phosphorylation of STV is inhibited at relevant concentrations by doxorubicin. The clinical significance of this interaction is unknown; therefore, concomitant use of STV with doxorubicin should be undertaken with caution.

Ribavirin: In vitro data indicate ribavirin reduces phosphorylation of lamivudine, STV, and zidovudine. The clinical significance of the interaction with STV is unknown; therefore, concomitant use of STV with ribavirin should be undertaken with caution. No pharmacokinetic (eg, plasma concentrations or intracellular triphosphorylated active metabolite concentrations) or pharmacodynamic (eg, loss of HIV-1/HCV virologic suppression) interaction was observed when ribavirin and lamivudine (n=18), STV (n=10), or zidovudine (n=6) were coadministered as part of a multi-drug regimen to HIV-1/HCV co-infected patients [see Warnings and Precautions (5.2) ].

8 USE IN SPECIFIC POPULATIONS

8.1 Pregnancy

Pregnancy Category C

Reproduction studies have been performed in rats and rabbits with exposures (based on Cmax) up to 399 and 183 times, respectively, of that seen at a clinical dosage of 1 mg/kg/day and have revealed no evidence of teratogenicity. The incidence in fetuses of a common skeletal variation, unossified or incomplete ossification of sternebra, was increased in rats at 399 times human exposure, while no effect was observed at 216 times human exposure. A slight post-implantation loss was noted at 216 times the human exposure with no effect noted at approximately 135 times the human exposure. An increase in early rat neonatal mortality (birth to 4 days of age) occurred at 399 times the human exposure, while survival of neonates was unaffected at approximately 135 times the human exposure. A study in rats showed that STV is transferred to the fetus through the placenta. The concentration in fetal tissue was approximately one-half the concentration in maternal plasma. Animal reproduction studies are not always predictive of human response.

There are no adequate and well-controlled studies of STV in pregnant women. STV should be used during pregnancy only if the potential benefit justifies the potential risk.

Fatal lactic acidosis has been reported in pregnant women who received the combination of STV and didanosine with other antiretroviral agents. It is unclear if pregnancy augments the risk of lactic acidosis/hepatic steatosis syndrome reported in nonpregnant individuals receiving nucleoside analogues [see Boxed Warning and Warnings and Precautions (5.1) ]. The combination of STV and didanosine should be used with caution during pregnancy and is recommended only if the potential benefit clearly outweighs the potential risk. Healthcare providers caring for HIV-infected pregnant women receiving STV should be alert for early diagnosis of lactic acidosis/hepatic steatosis syndrome.

Antiretroviral Pregnancy Registry: To monitor maternal-fetal outcomes of pregnant women exposed to STV and other antiretroviral agents, an Antiretroviral Pregnancy Registry has been established. Physicians are encouraged to register patients by calling 1-800-258-4263.

8.3 Nursing Mothers

The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention recommend that HIV-infected mothers not breastfeed their infants to avoid risking postnatal transmission of HIV. Studies in lactating rats demonstrated that STV is excreted in milk. Although it is not known whether STV is excreted in human milk, there exists the potential for adverse effects from STV in nursing infants. Because of both the potential for HIV transmission and the potential for serious adverse reactions in nursing infants, mothers should be instructed not to breastfeed if they are receiving STV.

8.4 Pediatric Use

Use of STV in pediatric patients from birth through adolescence is supported by evidence from adequate and well-controlled studies of STV in adults with additional pharmacokinetic and safety data in pediatric patients [see Dosage and Administration and Adverse Reactions (6.2) ].

Adverse reactions and laboratory abnormalities reported to occur in pediatric patients in clinical studies were generally consistent with the safety profile of STV in adults. These studies include ACTG 240, where 105 pediatric patients ages 3 months to 6 years received STV 2 mg/kg/day for a median of 6.4 months; a controlled clinical trial where 185 newborns received STV 2 mg/kg/day either alone or in combination with didanosine from birth through 6 weeks of age; and a clinical trial where 8 newborns received STV 2 mg/kg/day in combination with didanosine and nelfinavir from birth through 4 weeks of age.

STV pharmacokinetics have been evaluated in 25 HIV-1-infected pediatric patients ranging in age from 5 weeks to 15 years and in weight from 2 to 43 kg after IV or oral administration of single doses and twice-daily regimens and in 30 HIV-1-exposed or -infected newborns ranging in age from birth to 4 weeks after oral administration of twice-daily regimens [see Clinical Pharmacology (12.3, Table 9) ].

8.5 Geriatric Use

Clinical studies of STV (stavudine) did not include sufficient numbers of patients aged 65 years and over to determine whether they respond differently than younger patients. Greater sensitivity of some older individuals to the effects of STV cannot be ruled out.

In a monotherapy Expanded Access Program for patients with advanced HIV-1 infection, peripheral neuropathy or peripheral neuropathic symptoms were observed in 15 of 40 (38%) elderly patients receiving 40 mg twice daily and 8 of 51 (16%) elderly patients receiving 20 mg twice daily. Of the approximately 12,000 patients enrolled in the Expanded Access Program, peripheral neuropathy or peripheral neuropathic symptoms developed in 30% of patients receiving 40 mg twice daily and 25% of patients receiving 20 mg twice daily. Elderly patients should be closely monitored for signs and symptoms of peripheral neuropathy.

STV is known to be substantially excreted by the kidney, and the risk of toxic reactions to this drug may be greater in patients with impaired renal function. Because elderly patients are more likely to have decreased renal function, it may be useful to monitor renal function. Dose adjustment is recommended for patients with renal impairment [see Dosage and Administration (2.3) ].

8.6 Renal Impairment

Data from two studies in adults indicated that the apparent oral clearance of STV decreased and the terminal elimination half-life increased as creatinine clearance decreased. Based on these observations, it is recommended that the STV dosage be modified in patients with reduced creatinine clearance and in patients receiving maintenance hemodialysis [see Dosage and Administration (2.3) and Clinical Pharmacology (12.3) ].

10 OVERDOSAGE

Experience with adults treated with 12 to 24 times the recommended daily dosage revealed no acute toxicity. Complications of chronic overdosage include peripheral neuropathy and hepatic toxicity. STV can be removed by hemodialysis; the mean ± SD hemodialysis clearance of STV is 120 ± 18 mL/min. Whether STV is eliminated by peritoneal dialysis has not been studied.

11 DESCRIPTION

STV® is the brand name for STV (d4T), a synthetic thymidine nucleoside analogue, active against the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1). The chemical name for STV is 2′,3′-didehydro-3′-deoxythymidine. STV has the following structural formula:

STV is a white to off-white crystalline solid with the molecular formula C10H12N2O4 and a molecular weight of 224.2. The solubility of STV at 23°C is approximately 83 mg/mL in water and 30 mg/mL in propylene glycol. The n-octanol/water partition coefficient of STV at 23°C is 0.144.

Capsules: STV is available as capsules for oral administration containing either 15, 20, 30, or 40 mg of STV. Each capsule also contains inactive ingredients microcrystalline cellulose, sodium starch glycolate, lactose, and magnesium stearate. The hard gelatin shell consists of gelatin, titanium dioxide, and iron oxides. The capsules are printed with edible inks.

Powder for Oral Solution: STV is available as a dye-free, fruit-flavored powder in bottles with child-resistant closures providing 200 mL of a 1 mg/mL STV oral solution upon constitution with water per label instructions. The powder for oral solution contains the following inactive ingredients: methylparaben, propylparaben, sodium carboxymethylcellulose, sucrose, and antifoaming and flavoring agents.

STV chemical structure

12 CLINICAL PHARMACOLOGY

12.1 Mechanism of Action

STV is an antiviral drug [see Clinical Pharmacology ].

12.3 Pharmacokinetics

The pharmacokinetics of STV have been evaluated in HIV-1-infected adult and pediatric patients (Tables 7, 8, and 9). Peak plasma concentrations (Cmax) and area under the plasma concentration-time curve (AUC) increased in proportion to dose after both single and multiple doses ranging from 0.03 to 4 mg/kg. There was no significant accumulation of STV with repeated administration every 6, 8, or 12 hours.

Absorption

Following oral administration, STV is rapidly absorbed, with peak plasma concentrations occurring within 1 hour after dosing. The systemic exposure to STV is the same following administration as capsules or solution. Steady-state pharmacokinetic parameters of STV in HIV-1-infected adults are shown in Table 7.

Parameter STV 40 mg BID

Mean ± SD (n=8)

AUC0–24 = Area under the curve over 24 hours.

Cmax = Maximum plasma concentration.

Cmin = Trough or minimum plasma concentration.


AUC0–24 (ng-h/mL)


2568 ± 454


Cmax (ng/mL)


536 ± 146


Cmin (ng/mL)


8 ± 9

Distribution

Binding of STV to serum proteins was negligible over the concentration range of 0.01 to 11.4 µg/mL. STV distributes equally between red blood cells and plasma. Volume of distribution is shown in Table 8.

Metabolism

Metabolism plays a limited role in the clearance of STV. Unchanged STV was the major drug-related component circulating in plasma after an 80-mg dose of 14C-stavudine, while metabolites constituted minor components of the circulating radioactivity. Minor metabolites include oxidized STV, glucuronide conjugates of STV and its oxidized metabolite, and an N-acetylcysteine conjugate of the ribose after glycosidic cleavage, suggesting that thymine is also a metabolite of STV.

Elimination

Following an 80-mg dose of 14C-stavudine to healthy subjects, approximately 95% and 3% of the total radioactivity was recovered in urine and feces, respectively. Radioactivity due to parent drug in urine and feces was 73.7% and 62.0%, respectively. The mean terminal elimination half-life is approximately 2.3 hours following single oral doses. Mean renal clearance of the parent compound is approximately 272 mL/min, accounting for approximately 67% of the apparent oral clearance.

In HIV-1-infected patients, renal elimination of unchanged drug accounts for about 40% of the overall clearance regardless of the route of administration. The mean renal clearance was about twice the average endogenous creatinine clearance, indicating active tubular secretion in addition to glomerular filtration.

Parameter Mean ± SD n
a Following 1-hour IV infusion.

b Following single oral dose.

c Assuming a body weight of 70 kg.

d Over 12–24 hours.


Oral bioavailability (%)


86.4 ± 18.2


25


Volume of distribution (L)a


46 ± 21


44


Total body clearance (mL/min)a


594 ± 164


44


Apparent oral clearance (mL/min)b


560 ± 182c


113


Renal clearance (mL/min)a


237 ± 98


39


Elimination half-life, IV dose (h)a


1.15 ± 0.35


44


Elimination half-life, oral dose (h)b


1.6 ± 0.23


8


Urinary recovery of STV (% of dose)a,d


42 ± 14


39

Special Populations

Pediatric

Pharmacokinetic parameters of STV in pediatric patients are presented in Table 9.

Parameter Ages 5 weeks

to 15 years

n Ages 14

to 28 days

n Day

of Birth

n
a Following 1-hour IV infusion.

b At median time of 2.5 hours following multiple oral doses.

c Following single oral dose.

d Over 8 hours.

ND = Not determined.


Oral

bioavailability (%)


76.9 ± 31.7


20


ND


ND


Volume of

distribution (L/kg)a


0.73 ± 0.32


21


ND


ND


Ratio of CSF: plasma

concentrations (as %)b


59 ± 35


8


ND


ND


Total body clearance

(mL/min/kg)a


9.75 ± 3.76


21


ND


ND


Apparent oral clearance

(mL/min/kg)c


13.75 ± 4.29


20


11.52 ± 5.93


30


5.08 ± 2.80


17


Elimination half-life,

IV dose (h)a


1.11 ± 0.28


21


ND


ND


Elimination half-life,

oral dose (h)c


0.96 ± 0.26


20


1.59 ± 0.29


30


5.27 ± 2.01


17


Urinary recovery of

stavudine (% of dose)c,d


34 ± 16


19


ND


ND

Renal Impairment

Data from two studies in adults indicated that the apparent oral clearance of STV decreased and the terminal elimination half-life increased as creatinine clearance decreased. Cmax and Tmax were not significantly altered by renal impairment. The mean ± SD hemodialysis clearance value of STV was 120 ± 18 mL/min (n=12); the mean ± SD percentage of the STV dose recovered in the dialysate, timed to occur between 2–6 hours post-dose, was 31 ± 5%. Based on these observations, it is recommended that STV (stavudine) dosage be modified in patients with reduced creatinine clearance and in patients receiving maintenance hemodialysis [see Dosage and Administration (2.3) ].

Creatinine Clearance Hemodialysis

Patientsb

(n=11)

>50 mL/min

(n=10)

26–50 mL/min

(n=5)

9–25 mL/min

(n=5)

a Single 40-mg oral dose.

b Determined while patients were off dialysis.

T½ = Terminal elimination half-life.

NA = Not applicable.


Creatinine clearance

(mL/min)


104 ± 28


41 ± 5


17 ± 3


NA


Apparent oral

clearance (mL/min)


335 ± 57


191 ± 39


116 ± 25


105 ± 17


Renal clearance

(mL/min)


167 ± 65


73 ± 18


17 ± 3


NA


T½ (h)


1.7 ± 0.4


3.5 ± 2.5


4.6 ± 0.9


5.4 ± 1.4

Hepatic Impairment

STV pharmacokinetics were not altered in five non-HIV-infected patients with hepatic impairment secondary to cirrhosis following the administration of a single 40-mg dose.

Geriatric

STV pharmacokinetics have not been studied in patients >65 years of age. [See Use in Specific Populations (8.5) .]

Gender

A population pharmacokinetic analysis of data collected during a controlled clinical study in HIV-1-infected patients showed no clinically important differences between males and females (n=27).

Race

A population pharmacokinetic analysis of data collected during a controlled clinical study in HIV-1-infected patients showed no clinically important differences between races (n=233 Caucasian, 39 African-American, 41 Hispanic, 1 Asian, and 4 other).

Drug Interaction Studies

STV does not inhibit the major cytochrome P450 isoforms CYP1A2, CYP2C9, CYP2C19, CYP2D6, and CYP3A4; therefore, it is unlikely that clinically significant drug interactions will occur with drugs metabolized through these pathways. Because STV is not protein-bound, it is not expected to affect the pharmacokinetics of protein-bound drugs.

Tables 11 and 12 summarize the effects on AUC and Cmax, with a 95% confidence interval when available, following coadministration of STV with didanosine, lamivudine, and nelfinavir. No clinically significant pharmacokinetic interactions were observed.

Drug STV

Dosage

na AUC of

STV

(95% CI)

Cmax of

STV

(95% CI)

↑ Indicates increase.

↔ Indicates no change, or mean increase or decrease of <10%.

a HIV-1-infected patients.


Didanosine, 100 mg

q12h for 4 days


40 mg q12h

for 4 days


10




↑ 17%


Lamivudine, 150 mg

single dose


40 mg single

dose


18



(92.7–100.6%)


↑ 12%

(100.3–126.1%)


Nelfinavir, 750 mg

q8h for 56 days


30–40 mg q12h

for 56 days


8





Drug STV

Dosage

na AUC of

Coadministered

Drug

(95% CI)

Cmax of

Coadministered

Drug

(95% CI)

↔ Indicates no change, or mean increase or decrease of <10%.

a HIV-1-infected patients.


Didanosine, 100 mg

q12h for 4 days


40 mg q12h for

4 days


10






Lamivudine, 150 mg

single dose


40 mg single

dose


18



(90.5–107.6%)



(87.1–110.6%)


Nelfinavir, 750 mg

q8h for 56 days


30–40 mg q12h

for 56 days


8





12.4 Microbiology

Mechanism of Action

STV, a nucleoside analogue of thymidine, is phosphorylated by cellular kinases to the active metabolite STV triphosphate. STV triphosphate inhibits the activity of HIV-1 reverse transcriptase by competing with the natural substrate thymidine triphosphate (Ki=0.0083 to 0.032 µM) and by causing DNA chain termination following its incorporation into viral DNA. STV triphosphate inhibits cellular DNA polymerases β and γ and markedly reduces the synthesis of mitochondrial DNA.

Antiviral Activity in Cell Culture

The cell culture antiviral activity of STV was measured in peripheral blood mononuclear cells, monocytic cells, and lymphoblastoid cell lines. The concentration of drug necessary to inhibit HIV-1 replication by 50% (EC50) ranged from 0.009 to 4 µM against laboratory and clinical isolates of HIV-1. In cell culture, STV exhibited additive to antagonistic activity in combination with zidovudine. STV in combination with either abacavir, didanosine, tenofovir, or zalcitabine exhibited additive to synergistic anti-HIV-1 activity. Ribavirin, at the 9–45 µM concentrations tested, reduced the anti-HIV-1 activity of STV by 2.5- to 5-fold. The relationship between cell culture susceptibility of HIV-1 to STV and the inhibition of HIV-1 replication in humans has not been established.

Resistance

HIV-1 isolates with reduced susceptibility to STV have been selected in cell culture and were also obtained from patients treated with STV. Phenotypic analysis of HIV-1 isolates from 61 patients receiving prolonged (6–29 months) STV monotherapy showed that post-therapy isolates from four patients exhibited EC50 values more than 4-fold (range 7- to 16-fold) higher than the average pretreatment susceptibility of baseline isolates. Of these, HIV-1 isolates from one patient contained the zidovudine-resistance-associated substitutions T215Y and K219E, and isolates from another patient contained the multiple-nucleoside-resistance-associated substitution Q151M. Mutations in the RT gene of HIV-1 isolates from the other two patients were not detected. The genetic basis for STV susceptibility changes has not been identified.

Cross-resistance

Cross-resistance among HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitors has been observed. Several studies have demonstrated that prolonged STV treatment can select and/or maintain thymidine analogue mutations (TAMs; M41L, D67N, K70R, L210W, T215Y/F, K219Q/E) associated with zidovudine resistance. HIV-1 isolates with one or more TAMs exhibited reduced susceptibility to STV in cell culture. These TAMs are seen at a similar frequency with STV and zidovudine in virological treatment. The clinical relevance of these findings suggests that STV should be avoided in the presence of thymidine analogue mutations.

13 NONCLINICAL TOXICOLOGY

13.1 Carcinogenesis, Mutagenesis, Impairment of Fertility

In 2-year carcinogenicity studies in mice and rats, STV was noncarcinogenic at doses which produced exposures (AUC) 39 and 168 times, respectively, human exposure at the recommended clinical dose. Benign and malignant liver tumors in mice and rats and malignant urinary bladder tumors in male rats occurred at levels of exposure 250 (mice) and 732 (rats) times human exposure at the recommended clinical dose.

STV was not mutagenic in the Ames, E. coli reverse mutation, or the CHO/HGPRT mammalian cell forward gene mutation assays, with and without metabolic activation. STV produced positive results in the in vitro human lymphocyte clastogenesis and mouse fibroblast assays, and in the in vivo mouse micronucleus test. In the in vitro assays, STV elevated the frequency of chromosome aberrations in human lymphocytes (concentrations of 25 to 250 µg/mL, without metabolic activation) and increased the frequency of transformed foci in mouse fibroblast cells (concentrations of 25 to 2500 µg/mL, with and without metabolic activation). In the in vivo micronucleus assay, STV was clastogenic in bone marrow cells following oral STV administration to mice at dosages of 600 to 2000 mg/kg/day for 3 days.

No evidence of impaired fertility was seen in rats with exposures (based on Cmax) up to 216 times that observed following a clinical dosage of 1 mg/kg/day.

14 CLINICAL STUDIES

Combination Therapy

The combination use of STV is based on the results of clinical studies in HIV-1-infected patients in double- and triple-combination regimens with other antiretroviral agents.

One of these studies was a multicenter, randomized, open-label study comparing STV (40 mg twice daily) plus lamivudine plus indinavir to zidovudine plus lamivudine plus indinavir in 202 treatment-naive patients. Both regimens resulted in a similar magnitude of inhibition of HIV-1 RNA levels and increases in CD4+ cell counts through 48 weeks.

Monotherapy

The efficacy of STV was demonstrated in a randomized, double-blind study (AI455-019, conducted 1992–1994) comparing STV with zidovudine in 822 patients with a spectrum of HIV-1-related symptoms. The outcome in terms of progression of HIV-1 disease and death was similar for both drugs.

16 HOW SUPPLIED/STORAGE AND HANDLING

16.1 Capsules

STV® Capsules are available in the following strengths and configurations of plastic bottles with child-resistant closures:

Product

Strength

Capsule

Shell Color

Markings on Capsule

(in Black Ink)

Capsules

per Bottle

NDC No.

15 mg


Light yellow

& dark red


BMS

1964


15


60


0003-1964-01


20 mg


Light brown


BMS

1965


20


60


0003-1965-01


30 mg


Light orange

& dark orange


BMS

1966


30


60


0003-1966-01


40 mg


Dark orange


BMS

1967


40


60


0003-1967-01

16.2 Oral Solution

STV® (stavudine) for Oral Solution is a dye-free, fruit-flavored powder that provides 1 mg of STV per mL of solution upon constitution with water. Directions for solution preparation are included on the product label and in the Dosage and Administration (2) section of this insert. STV for Oral Solution (NDC No. 0003-1968-01) is available in child-resistant containers that provide 200 mL of solution after constitution with water.

16.3 Storage

STV Capsules should be stored in tightly closed containers at 25°C (77°F). Excursions between 15°C and 30°C (59°F and 86°F) are permitted.

STV for Oral Solution should be protected from excessive moisture and stored in tightly closed containers at 25°C (77°F). Excursions between 15°C and 30°C (59°F and 86°F) are permitted. After constitution, store tightly closed containers of STV for Oral Solution in a refrigerator, 2°C to 8°C (36°F to 46°F). Discard any unused portion after 30 days.

17 PATIENT COUNSELING INFORMATION

17.1 General

Patients should be advised that STV is not a cure for HIV-1 infection, and that they may continue to experience illnesses associated with HIV-1 infection, including opportunistic infections. Patients should be advised to remain under the care of a physician when using STV and the importance of adherence to any antiretroviral regimen including those that contain STV.

Patients should be advised to avoid doing things that can spread HIV-1 infection to others.


Patients should be informed that when STV is used in combination with other agents with similar toxicities, the incidence of adverse reactions may be higher than when STV is used alone.

Patients should be instructed that if they miss a dose, to take it as soon as possible. If it is almost time for the next dose, skip the missed dose and continue the regular dosing schedule.

Patients should be instructed if they take too much STV, they should contact a poison control center or emergency room right away.

Patients should be informed that the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention recommend that HIV-infected mothers not nurse newborn infants to reduce the risk of postnatal transmission of HIV infection.

Patients with diabetes should be aware that STV for Oral Solution contains 50 mg of sucrose (sugar) per mL.

17.2 Lactic Acidosis

Patients should be informed of the importance of early recognition of symptoms of symptomatic hyperlactatemia or lactic acidosis syndrome, which include unexplained weight loss, abdominal discomfort, nausea, vomiting, fatigue, dyspnea, and motor weakness. Patients in whom these symptoms develop should seek medical attention immediately. Discontinuation of STV therapy may be required.

17.3 Hepatic Toxicity

Patients should be informed that an increased risk of hepatotoxicity, which may be fatal, may occur in patients treated with STV in combination with didanosine and hydroxyurea. This combination should be avoided.

17.4 Peripheral Neuropathy

Patients should be informed that an important toxicity of STV is peripheral neuropathy. Patients should be aware that peripheral neuropathy is manifested by numbness, tingling, or pain in hands or feet, and that these symptoms should be reported to their physicians. Patients should be counseled that peripheral neuropathy occurs with greatest frequency in patients who have advanced HIV-1 disease or a history of peripheral neuropathy, and discontinuation of STV may be required if toxicity develops.

Caregivers of young children receiving STV therapy should be instructed regarding detection and reporting of peripheral neuropathy.

17.5 Pancreatitis

Patients should be informed that an increased risk of pancreatitis, which may be fatal, may occur in patients treated with the combination of STV and didanosine. This combination should be avoided. Patients should be closely monitored for symptoms of pancreatitis.

The patient should be instructed to avoid alcohol while taking STV. Alcohol may increase the patient’s risk of pancreatitis or liver damage.

17.6 Fat Redistribution

Patients should be informed that redistribution or accumulation of body fat may occur in individuals receiving antiretroviral therapy including STV. Patients receiving STV should be monitored for clinical signs and symptoms of lipoatrophy/lipodystrophy. Patients should be routinely questioned about body changes related to lipoatrophy/lipodystrophy.

Medication Guide

STV ® (Zair-it)

(stavudine)

STV® Capsules and

STV® for Oral Solution

Read this Medication Guide before you start taking STV and each time you get a refill. There may be new information. This information does not take the place of talking with your healthcare provider about your medical condition or your treatment. You and your healthcare provider should talk about your treatment with STV before you start taking it and at regular check-ups. You should stay under your healthcare provider’s care when taking STV.

What is the most important information I should know about STV?

STV can cause serious side effects, including:

1. Build up of acid in your blood (lactic acidosis). Lactic acidosis can cause death and must be treated in the hospital. The risk of lactic acidosis may be higher if you:


It is important to call your healthcare provider right away if you:


2. Liver problems. Some people (including pregnant women) who have taken STV have had serious liver problems. These problems include liver enlargement (hepatomegaly), fat in the liver (steatosis), liver failure, and death due to liver problems. Your healthcare provider should check your liver function while you are taking STV. You should be especially careful if you have a history of heavy alcohol use or liver problems. Use of STV with VIDEX EC or VIDEX (didanosine) may increase your risk for liver damage.

It is important to call your healthcare provider right away if you have:


3. Swelling of the pancreas (pancreatitis) that may cause death has occurred when STV was used with VIDEX EC or VIDEX (didanosine). Pancreatitis can happen at any time during your treatment with STV.

It is important to call your healthcare provider right away if you have:


What is STV?

STV is a prescription medicine used with other HIV medicines to treat human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection in children and adults. STV belongs to a class of drugs called nucleoside analogues.

STV will not cure your HIV infection. At present there is no cure for HIV infection. Even while taking STV, you may continue to have HIV-related illnesses, including infections with other disease-producing organisms. Continue to see your healthcare provider regularly and report any medical problems that occur.

Who should not take STV?

Do not take STV if you:


What should I tell my healthcare provider before taking STV?

Before you take STV, tell your healthcare provider if you:


Tell your healthcare provider about all the medicines that you take, including prescription and non-prescription medicines, vitamins, or herbal supplements. STV may affect the way other medicines work, and other medicines may affect how STV works.

Especially tell your healthcare provider if you take:


Know the medicines you take. Keep a list of your medicines and show it to your healthcare provider and pharmacist when you get a new medicine.

Ask your healthcare provider if you are not sure if you take one of the medicines listed above.

How should I take STV?


What should I avoid while taking STV?


What are the possible side effects of STV?

STV can cause serious side effects including:


It is important to call your healthcare provider right away if you have:


Your healthcare provider will monitor you for changes in your body fat. It is important to tell your healthcare provider if you notice any of these changes.


The most common side effects of STV include:


Tell your healthcare provider if you have any side effect that bothers you or that does not go away.

These are not all the possible side effects of STV. For more information, ask your healthcare provider or pharmacist.

Call your doctor for medical advice about side effects. You may report side effects to FDA at 1-800-FDA-1088.

How should I store STV?


Keep STV and all medicines out of the reach of children and pets.

General Information about the safe and effective use of STV

If you have diabetes mellitus: STV for Oral Solution contains 50 mg of sucrose (sugar) per mL.

Avoid doing things that can spread HIV-1 infection to others.


Medicines are sometimes prescribed for purposes other than those listed in a Medication Guide. Do not use STV for a condition for which it was not prescribed. Do not give STV to other people, even if they have the same symptoms as you have. It may harm them. Do not keep medicine that is out of date or that you no longer need. Dispose of unused medicines through community take-back disposal programs when available or place STV in an unrecognizable closed container in the household trash.

This Medication Guide summarizes the most important information about STV. If you would like more information, talk with your healthcare provider. You can ask your healthcare provider or pharmacist for information about STV that is written for health professionals. For more information, go to http://www.bms.com/products/Pages/prescribing.aspx or call 1-800-321-1335.

What are the ingredients in STV?

Active Ingredient: STV

Inactive Ingredients:

STV Capsules: microcrystalline cellulose, sodium starch glycolate, lactose, and magnesium stearate.

The gelatin shell contains: gelatin, titanium oxide, and iron oxide.

STV for Oral Solution: methylparaben, propylparaben, sodium carboxymethylcellulose, sucrose, and antifoaming and flavoring agents.

STV®, VIDEX®, VIDEX EC®, HYDREA®, and DROXIA® are registered trademarks of Bristol-Myers Squibb Company. All other trademarks are the property of their respective owners.

Distributed by:

Bristol-Myers Squibb Company

Princeton, NJ 08543 USA

This Medication Guide has been approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration.

1000007856 / 1349254

Rev December 2012

STV 15 mg Capsules Representative Packaging

See HOW SUPPLIED section for a complete list of available packages of STV.

60 Capsules NDC 0003-1964-01

STV ®

(stavudine)

Capsules

Rx only

15 mg

Detach and dispense the

enclosed Medication Guide

to each patient.

STV 20 mg Capsules Representative Packaging

60 Capsules NDC 0003-1965-01

STV ®

(stavudine)

Capsules

Rx only

20 mg

Detach and dispense the

enclosed Medication Guide

to each patient.

STV 30 mg Capsules Representative Packaging

60 Capsules NDC 0003-1966-01

STV ®

(stavudine)

Capsules

Rx only

30 mg

Detach and dispense the

enclosed Medication Guide

to each patient.

STV 40 mg Capsules Representative Packaging

60 Capsules NDC 0003-1967-01

STV ®

(stavudine)

Capsules

Rx only

40 mg

Detach and dispense the

enclosed Medication Guide

to each patient.

STV for Oral Solution Representative Packaging

200 mL NDC 0003-1968-01

STV ®

(stavudine)

for Oral Solution

Rx only

1 mg STV per mL

when constituted per

label instructions

Detach and dispense the

enclosed Medication Guide

to each patient.

STV pharmaceutical active ingredients containing related brand and generic drugs:

Active ingredient is the part of the drug or medicine which is biologically active. This portion of the drug is responsible for the main action of the drug which is intended to cure or reduce the symptom or disease. The other portions of the drug which are inactive are called excipients; there role is to act as vehicle or binder. In contrast to active ingredient, the inactive ingredient's role is not significant in the cure or treatment of the disease. There can be one or more active ingredients in a drug.


STV available forms, composition, doses:

Form of the medicine is the form in which the medicine is marketed in the market, for example, a medicine X can be in the form of capsule or the form of chewable tablet or the form of tablet. Sometimes same medicine can be available as injection form. Each medicine cannot be in all forms but can be marketed in 1, 2, or 3 forms which the pharmaceutical company decided based on various background research results.
Composition is the list of ingredients which combinedly form a medicine. Both active ingredients and inactive ingredients form the composition. The active ingredient gives the desired therapeutic effect whereas the inactive ingredient helps in making the medicine stable.
Doses are various strengths of the medicine like 10mg, 20mg, 30mg and so on. Each medicine comes in various doses which is decided by the manufacturer, that is, pharmaceutical company. The dose is decided on the severity of the symptom or disease.


STV destination | category:

Destination is defined as the organism to which the drug or medicine is targeted. For most of the drugs what we discuss, human is the drug destination.
Drug category can be defined as major classification of the drug. For example, an antihistaminic or an antipyretic or anti anginal or pain killer, anti-inflammatory or so.


STV Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical codes:

A medicine is classified depending on the organ or system it acts [Anatomical], based on what result it gives on what disease, symptom [Therapeutical], based on chemical composition [Chemical]. It is called as ATC code. The code is based on Active ingredients of the medicine. A medicine can have different codes as sometimes it acts on different organs for different indications. Same way, different brands with same active ingredients and same indications can have same ATC code.


STV pharmaceutical companies:

Pharmaceutical companies are drug manufacturing companies that help in complete development of the drug from the background research to formation, clinical trials, release of the drug into the market and marketing of the drug.
Researchers are the persons who are responsible for the scientific research and is responsible for all the background clinical trials that resulted in the development of the drug.


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References

  1. Dailymed."ZERIT (STAVUDINE) CAPSULE, GELATIN COATED ZERIT (STAVUDINE) CAPSULE, GELATIN COATED ZERIT (STAVUDINE) POWDER, FOR SOLUTION [E.R. SQUIBB & SONS, L.L.C.]". https://dailymed.nlm.nih.gov/dailym... (accessed August 28, 2018).
  2. Dailymed."STAVUDINE: DailyMed provides trustworthy information about marketed drugs in the United States. DailyMed is the official provider of FDA label information (package inserts).". https://dailymed.nlm.nih.gov/dailym... (accessed August 28, 2018).
  3. "stavudine". https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/co... (accessed August 28, 2018).

Frequently asked Questions

Can i drive or operate heavy machine after consuming STV?

Depending on the reaction of the STV after taken, if you are feeling dizziness, drowsiness or any weakness as a reaction on your body, Then consider STV not safe to drive or operate heavy machine after consumption. Meaning that, do not drive or operate heavy duty machines after taking the capsule if the capsule has a strange reaction on your body like dizziness, drowsiness. As prescribed by a pharmacist, it is dangerous to take alcohol while taking medicines as it exposed patients to drowsiness and health risk. Please take note of such effect most especially when taking Primosa capsule. It's advisable to consult your doctor on time for a proper recommendation and medical consultations.

Is STV addictive or habit forming?

Medicines are not designed with the mind of creating an addiction or abuse on the health of the users. Addictive Medicine is categorically called Controlled substances by the government. For instance, Schedule H or X in India and schedule II-V in the US are controlled substances.

Please consult the medicine instruction manual on how to use and ensure it is not a controlled substance.In conclusion, self medication is a killer to your health. Consult your doctor for a proper prescription, recommendation, and guidiance.

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Review

sdrugs.com conducted a study on STV, and the result of the survey is set out below. It is noteworthy that the product of the survey is based on the perception and impressions of the visitors of the website as well as the views of STV consumers. We, as a result of this, advice that you do not base your therapeutic or medical decisions on this result, but rather consult your certified medical experts for their recommendations.

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The information was verified by Dr. Rachana Salvi, MD Pharmacology

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