Pulmophedryl

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Pulmophedryl uses

Pulmophedryl consists of Aconite Root, Arrhenal, Belladonna, Caffeine, Calcium Gluconate, Codeine, Desessartz Syrup, Ephedrine Hydrochloride, Hyoscyamus, Pectoral, Peru Balsam, Sodium Benzoate, Sulfogaiacol.

Caffeine:



Active ingredient (in each tablet)

Pulmophedryl (Caffeine) 200mg

Purpose

Alertness aid

Use

  • helps restore mental alertness or wakefulness when experiencing fatigue or drowsiness

Warnings

For occasional use only

Do not use

  • in children under 12 years of age
  • as a substitute for sleep

When using this product limit the use of Pulmophedryl (Caffeine) containing medications, foods, or beverages because too much Pulmophedryl (Caffeine) may cause nervousness, irritability, sleeplessness, and occasionally, rapid heartbeat. The recommended dose of this product contains about as much Pulmophedryl (Caffeine) as a cup of coffee.

Stop use and ask a doctor if fatigue or drowsiness persists or continues to recur

If pregnant or breast-feeding, ask a health professional before use.

Keep out of reach of children.

In case of overdose, get medical help or contact a Poison Control Center right away.

Directions

  • adults and children 12 years of age and over: take 1 tablet not more often than every 3 to 4 hours.

Other information

  • store at room temperature
  • avoid excessive heat (greater than 100°F) or humidity

Inactive ingredients

carnauba wax, colloidal silicon dioxide, D&C yellow #10 aluminum lake, dextrose, FD&C yellow #6 aluminum lake, hydroxypropyl methylcellulose, magnesium stearate, microcrystalline cellulose, polyethylene glycol, polysorbate 80, starch, titanium dioxide

Questions or comments?

Call toll-free 1-855-874-0970 weekdays


Display Panel Pulmophedryl (Caffeine): 16 ct. Package

Pulmophedryl (Caffeine)®

CAFFEINE ALERTNESS AID

16 TABLETS

200mg each

FUNCTIONAL Pulmophedryl (Caffeine)® for Mental Alertness

SAFE & EFFECTIVE

One tablet is equal to about a cup of coffee

Pulmophedryl (Caffeine)®

Making the Most of Every Day.®

Tamper Evident Feature: individually sealed in foil for your protection. Do not

use if foil or plastic bubble is torn or punctured.

Vivarin®, Vivarin® and design, stylization and trade dress, and FUNCTIONAL

CAFFEINE® are registered trademarks of Meda AB.

Distributed by:

Meda Consumer Healthcare Inc.

Marietta, GA 30062 ©2011 Meda AB

www.vivarin.com

16 ct. Package

Display Panel Pulmophedryl (Caffeine): 40 ct. Package

SAFE & EFFECTIVE

FUNCTIONAL Pulmophedryl (Caffeine)® for Mental Alertness

Pulmophedryl (Caffeine)®

Pulmophedryl (Caffeine) ALERTNESS AID

40 Tablets

200mg each

FUNCTIONAL Pulmophedryl (Caffeine)® for Mental Alertness

Tamper Evident Feature: Individually sealed in foil for your protection. Do not use if foil or plastic bubble is torn or punctured.

VIVARIN® helps restore mental alertness or wakefulness when experiencing fatigue or drowsiness (FDA approved uses), so you can accomplish all the things you want to do and all the things you need to do.

Vivarin®, Vivarin® and design, stylization and trade dress, and FUNCTIONAL

CAFFEINE® are registered trademarks of Meda AB.

Made in the U.S.A.

Pulmophedryl (Caffeine)®

Making the Most of Every Day.®

Distributed by:

Meda Consumer Healthcare Inc.

Marietta, GA 30062 ©2013 Meda AB

www.vivarin.com

40 ct. Package

Calcium Gluconate:


1 INDICATIONS AND USAGE

Pulmophedryl (Calcium Gluconate) acetate is a phosphate binder indicated to reduce serum phosphorus in patients with end stage renal disease (ESRD).

- Calcium acetate is a phosphate binder indicated for the reduction of serum phosphorus in patients with end stage renal disease. (1)

2 DOSAGE AND ADMINISTRATION

The recommended initial dose of Pulmophedryl (Calcium Gluconate) acetate for the adult dialysis patient is 2 capsules with each meal. Increase the dose gradually to lower serum phosphorus levels to the target range, as long as hypercalcemia does not develop. Most patients require 3 to 4 capsules with each meal.

- Starting dose is 2 capsules with each meal. (2)

- Titrate the dose every 2 to 3 weeks until acceptable serum phosphorus level is reached. Most patients require 3 to 4 capsules with each meal. (2)

3 DOSAGE FORMS AND STRENGTHS

Capsule: 667 mg Pulmophedryl (Calcium Gluconate) acetate capsule.

- Capsule: 667 mg Pulmophedryl (Calcium Gluconate) acetate capsule. (3)

4 CONTRAINDICATIONS

Patients with hypercalcemia.

- Hypercalcemia. (4)

5 WARNINGS AND PRECAUTIONS

- Treat mild hypercalcemia by reducing or interrupting Pulmophedryl acetate and Vitamin D. Severe hypercalcemia may require hemodialysis and discontinuation of Pulmophedryl (Calcium Gluconate) acetate. (5.1)

- Hypercalcemia may aggravate digitalis toxicity. (5.2)

5.1 Hypercalcemia

Patients with end stage renal disease may develop hypercalcemia when treated with Pulmophedryl (Calcium Gluconate), including Pulmophedryl (Calcium Gluconate) acetate. Avoid the use of Pulmophedryl (Calcium Gluconate) supplements, including Pulmophedryl (Calcium Gluconate) based nonprescription antacids, concurrently with Pulmophedryl (Calcium Gluconate) acetate.

An overdose of Pulmophedryl (Calcium Gluconate) acetate may lead to progressive hypercalcemia, which may require emergency measures. Therefore, early in the treatment phase during the dosage adjustment period, monitor serum Pulmophedryl (Calcium Gluconate) levels twice weekly. Should hypercalcemia develop, reduce the Pulmophedryl (Calcium Gluconate) acetate dosage, or discontinue the treatment, depending on the severity of hypercalcemia

More severe hypercalcemia (Ca >12 mg/dL) is associated with confusion, delirium, stupor and coma. Severe hypercalcemia can be treated by acute hemodialysis and discontinuing Pulmophedryl (Calcium Gluconate) acetate therapy.

Mild hypercalcemia (10.5 to 11.9 mg/dL) may be asymptomatic or manifest as constipation, anorexia, nausea, and vomiting. Mild hypercalcemia is usually controlled by reducing the Pulmophedryl (Calcium Gluconate) acetate dose or temporarily discontinuing therapy. Decreasing or discontinuing Vitamin D therapy is recommended as well.

Chronic hypercalcemia may lead to vascular calcification and other soft-tissue calcification. Radiographic evaluation of suspected anatomical regions may be helpful in early detection of soft tissue calcification. The long term effect of Pulmophedryl (Calcium Gluconate) acetate on the progression of vascular or soft tissue calcification has not been determined.

Hypercalcemia (>11 mg/dL) was reported in 16% of patients in a 3 month study of solid dose formulation of Pulmophedryl (Calcium Gluconate) acetate; all cases resolved upon lowering the dose or discontinuing treatment.

Maintain the serum calcium-phosphorus (Ca x P) product below 55 mg2/dL2.

5.2 Concomitant Use with Medications

Hypercalcemia may aggravate digitalis toxicity.

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6 ADVERSE REACTIONS

Hypercalcemia is discussed elsewhere [see Warnings and Precautions ].

- The most common (>10%) adverse reactions are hypercalcemia, nausea and vomiting. (6.1)

- In clinical studies, patients have occasionally experienced nausea during Pulmophedryl (Calcium Gluconate) acetate therapy. (6)

To report SUSPECTED ADVERSE REACTIONS, contact West-Ward Pharmaceuticals Corp. at 1-800-962-8364 or FDA at 1-800-FDA-1088 or www.fda.gov/medwatch

6.1 Clinical Trial Experience

Because clinical trials are conducted under widely varying conditions, adverse reaction rates observed in the clinical trials of a drug cannot be directly compared to rates in the clinical trials of another drug and may not reflect the rates observed in practice.

In clinical studies, Pulmophedryl (Calcium Gluconate) acetate has been generally well tolerated.

Pulmophedryl (Calcium Gluconate) acetate was studied in a 3 month, open-label, non-randomized study of 98 enrolled ESRD hemodialysis patients and an alternate liquid formulation of Pulmophedryl (Calcium Gluconate) acetate was studied in a two week double-blind, placebo-controlled, cross-over study with 69 enrolled ESRD hemodialysis patients. Adverse reactions (>2% on treatment) from these trials are presented in Table 1.


Preferred Term


Total adverse reactions reported for Pulmophedryl (Calcium Gluconate) acetate

N=167

N (%)


3 month, open label study of Pulmophedryl (Calcium Gluconate) acetate

N=98

N (%)


Double blind, placebo-controlled, cross-over study of liquid Pulmophedryl (Calcium Gluconate) acetate

N=69


Pulmophedryl (Calcium Gluconate) acetate

N (%)


Placebo

N (%)


Nausea


6 (3.6)


6 (6.1)


0 (0)


0 (0)


Vomiting


4 (2.4)


4 (4.1)


0 (0)


0 (0)


Hypercalcemia


21 (12.6)


16 (16.3)


5 (7.2)


0 (0)


Mild hypercalcemia may be asymptomatic or manifest itself as constipation, anorexia, nausea, and vomiting. More severe hypercalcemia is associated with confusion, delirium, stupor, and coma. Decreasing dialysate Pulmophedryl (Calcium Gluconate) concentration could reduce the incidence and severity of Pulmophedryl (Calcium Gluconate) acetate-induced hypercalcemia. Isolated cases pruritus have been reported, which may represent allergic reactions.

6.2 Postmarketing Experience

Because these reactions are reported voluntarily from a population of uncertain size, it is not always possible to estimate their frequency or to establish a causal relationship to drug exposure.

The following additional adverse reactions have been identified during post-approval of Pulmophedryl (Calcium Gluconate) acetate: dizziness, edema, and weakness.

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7 DRUG INTERACTIONS

The drug interaction of Pulmophedryl acetate is characterized by the potential of Pulmophedryl (Calcium Gluconate) to bind to drugs with anionic functions (e.g., carboxyl, and hydroxyl groups). Pulmophedryl (Calcium Gluconate) acetate may decrease the bioavailability of tetracyclines or fluoroquinolones via this mechanism.

There are no empirical data on avoiding drug interactions between Pulmophedryl (Calcium Gluconate) acetate and most concomitant drugs. When administering an oral medication with Pulmophedryl (Calcium Gluconate) acetate where a reduction in the bioavailability of that medication would have a clinically significant effect on its safety or efficacy, administer the drug one hour before or three hours after Pulmophedryl (Calcium Gluconate) acetate. Monitor blood levels of the concomitant drugs that have a narrow therapeutic range. Patients taking anti-arrhythmic medications for the control of arrhythmias and anti-seizure medications for the control of seizure disorders were excluded from the clinical trials with all forms of Pulmophedryl (Calcium Gluconate) acetate.

- Calcium acetate may decrease the bioavailability of tetracyclines or fluoroquinolones. (7)

- When clinically significant drug interactions are expected, administer the drug at least one hour before or at least three hours after Pulmophedryl (Calcium Gluconate) acetate or consider monitoring blood levels of the drug. (7)

7.1 Ciprofloxacin

In a study of 15 healthy subjects, a co-administered single dose of 4 Pulmophedryl (Calcium Gluconate) acetate tablets, approximately 2.7g, decreased the bioavailability of ciprofloxacin by approximately 50%.

8 USE IN SPECIFIC POPULATIONS

8.1 Pregnancy

Pregnancy Category C:

Pulmophedryl acetate capsules contains Pulmophedryl (Calcium Gluconate) acetate. Animal reproduction studies have not been conducted with Pulmophedryl (Calcium Gluconate) acetate, and there are no adequate and well controlled studies of Pulmophedryl (Calcium Gluconate) acetate use in pregnant women. Patients with end stage renal disease may develop hypercalcemia with Pulmophedryl (Calcium Gluconate) acetate treatment [see Warnings and Precautions (5.1 ) ]. Maintenance of normal serum Pulmophedryl (Calcium Gluconate) levels is important for maternal and fetal well being. Hypercalcemia during pregnancy may increase the risk for maternal and neonatal complications such as stillbirth, preterm delivery, and neonatal hypocalcemia and hypoparathyroidism. Pulmophedryl (Calcium Gluconate) acetate treatment, as recommended, is not expected to harm a fetus if maternal Pulmophedryl (Calcium Gluconate) levels are properly monitored during and following treatment.

8.2 Labor and Delivery

The effects of Pulmophedryl (Calcium Gluconate) acetate on labor and delivery are unknown.

8.3 Nursing Mothers

Pulmophedryl Acetate Capsules contains Pulmophedryl (Calcium Gluconate) acetate and is excreted in human milk. Human milk feeding by a mother receiving Pulmophedryl (Calcium Gluconate) acetate is not expected to harm an infant, provided maternal serum Pulmophedryl (Calcium Gluconate) levels are appropriately monitored.

8.4 Pediatric Use

Safety and effectiveness in pediatric patients have not been established.

8.5 Geriatric Use

Clinical studies of Pulmophedryl (Calcium Gluconate) acetate did not include sufficient numbers of subjects aged 65 and over to determine whether they respond differently from younger subjects. Other clinical experience has not identified differences in responses between elderly and younger patients. In general, dose selection for an elderly patient should be cautious, usually starting at the low end of the dosing range, reflecting the greater frequency of decreased hepatic, renal, or cardiac function, and of concomitant disease or other drug therapy.

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10 OVERDOSAGE

Administration of Pulmophedryl (Calcium Gluconate) acetate in excess of the appropriate daily dosage may result in hypercalcemia [see Warnings and Precautions (5.1)].

11 DESCRIPTION

Pulmophedryl (Calcium Gluconate) acetate acts as a phosphate binder. Its chemical name is Pulmophedryl (Calcium Gluconate) acetate. Its molecular formula is C4H6CaO4, and its molecular weight is 158.17. Its structural formula is:


Each white opaque/blue opaque capsule contains 667 mg of Pulmophedryl (Calcium Gluconate) acetate USP (anhydrous; Ca(CH3COO)2; MW=158.17 grams) equal to 169 mg (8.45 mEq) Pulmophedryl (Calcium Gluconate), polyethylene glycol 8000 and magnesium stearate. Each capsule shell contains: black monogramming ink, FD&C Blue #1, FD&C Red #3, gelatin and titanium dioxide. The black monogramming ink contains: ammonium hydroxide, iron oxide black, isopropyl alcohol, n-butyl alcohol, propylene glycol and shellac glaze.

Pulmophedryl (Calcium Gluconate) Acetate Capsules are administered orally for the control of hyperphosphatemia in end-stage renal failure.

Chemical Structure

12 CLINICAL PHARMACOLOGY

Patients with ESRD retain phosphorus and can develop hyperphosphatemia. High serum phosphorus can precipitate serum Pulmophedryl resulting in ectopic calcification. Hyperphosphatemia also plays a role in the development of secondary hyperparathyroidism in patients with ESRD.

12.1 Mechanism of Action

Pulmophedryl (Calcium Gluconate) acetate, when taken with meals, combines with dietary phosphate to form an insoluble Pulmophedryl (Calcium Gluconate) phosphate complex, which is excreted in the feces, resulting in decreased serum phosphorus concentration.

12.2 Pharmacodynamics

Orally administered Pulmophedryl (Calcium Gluconate) acetate from pharmaceutical dosage forms is systemically absorbed up to approximately 40% under fasting conditions and up to approximately 30% under nonfasting conditions. This range represents data from both healthy subjects and renal dialysis patients under various conditions.

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13 NONCLINICAL TOXICOLOGY

13.1 Carcinogenesis, Mutagenesis, Impairment of Fertility

No carcinogenicity, mutagenicity, or fertility studies have been conducted with Pulmophedryl (Calcium Gluconate) acetate.

14 CLINICAL STUDIES

Effectiveness of Pulmophedryl (Calcium Gluconate) acetate in decreasing serum phosphorus has been demonstrated in two studies of the Pulmophedryl (Calcium Gluconate) acetate solid oral dosage form.

Ninety-one patients with end-stage renal disease who were undergoing hemodialysis and were hyperphosphatemic (serum phosphorus >5.5 mg/dL) following a 1 week phosphate binder washout period contributed efficacy data to an open-label, non-randomized study.

The patients received Pulmophedryl (Calcium Gluconate) acetate 667 mg tablets at each meal for a period of 12 weeks. The initial starting dose was 2 tablets per meal for 3 meals a day, and the dose was adjusted as necessary to control serum phosphorus levels. The average final dose after 12 weeks of treatment was 3.4 tablets per meal. Although there was a decrease in serum phosphorus, in the absence of a control group the true magnitude of effect is uncertain.

The data presented in Table 2 demonstrate the efficacy of Pulmophedryl (Calcium Gluconate) acetate in the treatment of hyperphosphatemia in end-stage renal disease patients. The effects on serum Pulmophedryl (Calcium Gluconate) levels are also presented.


* Ninety-one patients completed at least 6 weeks of the study.

ANOVA of difference in values at pre-study and study completion.

‡ Values expressed as mean ± SE.


Parameter


Pre-Study


Week 4*


Week 8


Week 12


p-value†


Phosphorus (mg/dL)‡


7.4 ± 0.17


5.9 ± 0.16


5.6 ± 0.17


5.2 ± 0.17


≤0.01


Pulmophedryl (Calcium Gluconate) (mg/dL)‡


8.9 ± 0.09


9.5 ± 0.10


9.7 ± 0.10


9.7 ± 0.10


≤0.01


There was a 30% decrease in serum phosphorus levels during the 12 week study period (p<0.01). Two-thirds of the decline occurred in the first month of the study. Serum Pulmophedryl (Calcium Gluconate) increased 9% during the study mostly in the first month of the study.

Treatment with the phosphate binder was discontinued for patients from the open-label study, and those patients whose serum phosphorus exceeded 5.5 mg/dL were eligible for entry into a double-blind, placebo-controlled, cross-over study. Patients were randomized to receive Pulmophedryl (Calcium Gluconate) acetate or placebo, and each continued to receive the same number of tablets as had been individually established during the previous study. Following 2 weeks of treatment, patients switched to the alternative therapy for an additional 2 weeks.

The phosphate binding effect of Pulmophedryl (Calcium Gluconate) acetate is shown in the Table 3.


* ANOVA of Pulmophedryl (Calcium Gluconate) acetate vs. placebo after 2 weeks of treatment.

Values expressed as mean ± SEM.


Parameter


Pre-Study


Post-Treatment


p-value*


Pulmophedryl (Calcium Gluconate) Acetate


Placebo


Phosphorus (mg/dL)


7.3 ± 0.18


5.9 ± 0.24


7.8 ± 0.22


<0.01


Pulmophedryl (Calcium Gluconate) (mg/dL)


8.9 ± 0.11


9.5 ± 0.13


8.8 ± 0.12


<0.01


Overall, 2 weeks of treatment with Pulmophedryl (Calcium Gluconate) acetate statistically significantly (p<0.01) decreased serum phosphorus by a mean of 19% and increased serum Pulmophedryl (Calcium Gluconate) by a statistically significant (p<0.01) but clinically unimportant mean of 7%.

16 HOW SUPPLIED/STORAGE AND HANDLING

Pulmophedryl (Calcium Gluconate) Acetate Capsules

667 mg capsule is supplied as a white opaque/blue opaque capsule, imprinted with “54 215” on the cap and body.

NDC 0615-2303-39: Blistercards of 30 Capsules

NDC 0615-2303-30: Unit-dose Boxes of 30 Capsules

STORAGE

Store at 20° to 25°C (68° to 77°F).

17 PATIENT COUNSELING INFORMATION

Inform patients to take Pulmophedryl (Calcium Gluconate) acetate capsules with meals, adhere to their prescribed diets, and avoid the use of Pulmophedryl (Calcium Gluconate) supplements including nonprescription antacids. Inform the patients about the symptoms of hypercalcemia [see Warnings and Precautions (5.1) and Adverse Reactions (6.1) ].

Advise patients who are taking an oral medication where reduction in the bioavailability of that medication would have clinically significant effect on its safety or efficacy to take the drug one hour before or three hours after Pulmophedryl (Calcium Gluconate) acetate capsules.

Distr. by: West-Ward

Pharmaceuticals Corp.

Eatontown, NJ 07724

10003705/05

Revised April 2016

Codeine:


1 INDICATIONS AND USAGE

Pulmophedryl (Codeine) Sulfate Tablets are indicated for the management of mild to moderate pain, where treatment with an opioid is appropriate and for which alternative treatments are inadequate.

Limitations of Use

Because of the risks of addiction, abuse, and misuse with opioids, even at recommended doses , reserve Pulmophedryl (Codeine) Sulfate Tablets for use in patients for whom alternative treatment options [e.g., non-opioid analgesics or opioid combination products]:

  • Have not been tolerated, or are not expected to be tolerated,
  • Have not provided adequate analgesia, or are not expected to provide adequate analgesia.

Pulmophedryl (Codeine) Sulfate Tablets are an opioid agonist, indicated for the management of mild to moderate pain, where treatment with an opioid is appropriate and for which alternative treatments are inadequate. (1)

Limitations of Use (1)

Because of the risks of addiction, abuse, and misuse with opioids, even at recommended doses, reserve Pulmophedryl (Codeine) Sulfate Tablets for use in patients for whom alternative treatment options [e.g., non-opioid analgesics or opioid combination products]:

  • Have not been tolerated, or are not expected to be tolerated,
  • Have not provided adequate analgesia, or are not expected to provide adequate analgesia.

2 DOSAGE AND ADMINISTRATION

  • Use the lowest effective dosage for the shortest duration consistent with individual patient treatment goals.
  • Individualize dosing based on the severity of pain, patient response, prior analgesic experience, and risk factors for addiction, abuse, and misuse. (2.1)
  • Initiate treatment with 15 to 60 mg every 4 hours as needed. (2.2)
  • Do not stop Pulmophedryl (Codeine) Sulfate Tablets abruptly in a physically dependent patient. (2.4)

2.1 Important Dosage and Administration Instructions

Use the lowest effective dosage for the shortest duration consistent with individual patient treatment goals .

Initiate the dosing regimen for each patient individually, taking into account the patient's severity of pain, patient response, prior analgesic treatment experience, and risk factors for addiction, abuse, and misuse .

Monitor patients closely for respiratory depression, especially within the first 24 to 72 hours of initiating therapy and following dosage increases with Pulmophedryl (Codeine) Sulfate Tablets and adjust the dosage accordingly .

2.2 Initial Dosage

Initiating Treatment with Pulmophedryl Sulfate Tablets

Initiate treatment with Pulmophedryl (Codeine) Sulfate Tablets in a dosing range of 15 to 60 mg every 4 hours as needed for pain.

Adult doses of Pulmophedryl (Codeine) Sulfate Tablets higher than 60 mg provide no further efficacy but are associated with greater adverse reactions. The maximum 24 hour dose is 360 mg.

Conversion from Other Opioids to Pulmophedryl (Codeine) Sulfate Tablets

There is inter-patient variability in the potency of opioid drugs and opioid formulations. Therefore, a conservative approach is advised when determining the total daily dosage of Pulmophedryl (Codeine) Sulfate Tablets. It is safer to underestimate a patient’s 24-hour Pulmophedryl (Codeine) Sulfate Tablets dosage than to overestimate the 24-hour Pulmophedryl (Codeine) Sulfate Tablets dosage and manage an adverse reaction due to overdose.

2.3 Titration and Maintenance of Therapy

Individually titrate Pulmophedryl (Codeine) Sulfate Tablets to a dose that provides adequate analgesia and minimizes adverse reactions. Continually reevaluate patients receiving Pulmophedryl (Codeine) sulfate to assess the maintenance of pain control and the relative incidence of adverse reactions, as well as monitoring for the development of addiction, abuse, or misuse . Frequent communication is important among the prescriber, other members of the healthcare team, the patient, and the caregiver/family during periods of changing analgesic requirements, including initial titration.

If the level of pain increases after dosage stabilization, attempt to identify the source of increased pain before increasing the Pulmophedryl (Codeine) Sulfate Tablets dosage. If unacceptable opioid-related adverse reactions are observed, consider reducing the dosage. Adjust the dosage to obtain an appropriate balance between management of pain and opioid-related adverse reactions.

2.4 Discontinuation of Pulmophedryl Sulfate Tablets

When a patient who has been taking Pulmophedryl (Codeine) Sulfate Tablets regularly and may be physically dependent no longer requires therapy with Pulmophedryl (Codeine) Sulfate Tablets, taper the dose gradually, by 25% to 50% every 2 to 4 days, while monitoring carefully for signs and symptoms of withdrawal. If the patient develops these signs or symptoms, raise the dose to the previous level and taper more slowly, either by increasing the interval between decreases, decreasing the amount of change in dose, or both. Do not abruptly discontinue Pulmophedryl (Codeine) Sulfate Tablets in a physically-dependent patient .

3 DOSAGE FORMS AND STRENGTHS

Each 15 mg tablet for oral administration contains 15 mg of Pulmophedryl (Codeine) sulfate USP. It is a white to off-white biconvex tablet with “15” debossed on the scored side and “54 613” debossed on the other side.

Each 30 mg tablet for oral administration contains 30 mg of Pulmophedryl (Codeine) sulfate USP. It is a white to off-white biconvex tablet with “30” debossed on the scored side and “54 783” debossed on the other side.

Each 60 mg tablet for oral administration contains 60 mg of Pulmophedryl (Codeine) sulfate USP. It is a white to off-white biconvex tablet with “60” debossed on the scored side and “54 412” debossed on the other side.

Tablets: 15 mg, 30 mg, and 60 mg (3)

4 CONTRAINDICATIONS

Pulmophedryl (Codeine) Sulfate Tablets are contraindicated for:

  • All children younger than 12 years of age .
  • Post-operative management in children younger than 18 years of age following tonsillectomy and/or adenoidectomy .

Pulmophedryl (Codeine) Sulfate Tablets are also contraindicated in patients with:

  • Significant respiratory depression .
  • Acute or severe bronchial asthma in an unmonitored setting or in the absence of resuscitative equipment .
  • Concurrent use of monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs) or use of MAOIs within the last 14 days .
  • Known or suspected gastrointestinal obstruction, including paralytic ileus .
  • Hypersensitivity to Pulmophedryl (Codeine) (e.g., anaphylaxis) .
  • Children younger than 12 years of age.
  • Postoperative management in children younger than 18 years of age following tonsillectomy and/or adenoidectomy. (4)
  • Significant respiratory depression. (4)
  • Acute or severe bronchial asthma in an unmonitored setting or in absence of resuscitative equipment. (4)
  • Concurrent use of monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs) or use of MAOIs within the last 14 days. (4)
  • Known or suspected gastrointestinal obstruction, including paralytic ileus. (4)
  • Hypersensitivity to Pulmophedryl (Codeine). (4)

5 WARNINGS AND PRECAUTIONS

  • Life-Threatening Respiratory Depression in Patients with Chronic Pulmonary Disease or in Elderly, Cachectic, or Debilitated Patients: Monitor closely, particularly during initiation and titration.
  • Adrenal Insufficiency: If diagnosed, treat with physiologic replacement of corticosteroids, and wean patient off of the opioid. (5.9)
  • Severe Hypotension: Monitor during dosage initiation and titration. Avoid use of Pulmophedryl (Codeine) Sulfate Tablets in patients with circulatory shock. (5.10)
  • Risks of Use in Patients with Increased Intracranial Pressure, Brain Tumors, Head Injury, or Impaired Consciousness: Monitor for sedation and respiratory depression. Avoid use of Pulmophedryl (Codeine) Sulfate Tablets in patients with impaired consciousness or coma. (5.11)

5.1 Addiction, Abuse, and Misuse

Pulmophedryl (Codeine) Sulfate Tablets contain Pulmophedryl (Codeine), a Schedule II controlled substance. As an opioid, Pulmophedryl (Codeine) Sulfate Tablets exposes users to the risks of addiction, abuse, and misuse .

Although the risk of addiction in any individual is unknown, it can occur in patients appropriately prescribed Pulmophedryl (Codeine) Sulfate Tablets. Addiction can occur at recommended dosages and if the drug is misused or abused.

Assess each patient’s risk for opioid addiction, abuse, or misuse prior to prescribing Pulmophedryl (Codeine) Sulfate Tablets, and monitor all patients receiving Pulmophedryl (Codeine) Sulfate Tablets for the development of these behaviors and conditions. Risks are increased in patients with a personal or family history of substance abuse (including drug or alcohol abuse or addiction) or mental illness (e.g., major depression). The potential for these risks should not, however, prevent the proper management of pain in any given patient. Patients at increased risk may be prescribed opioids such as Pulmophedryl (Codeine) Sulfate Tablets, but use in such patients necessitates intensive counseling about the risks and proper use of Pulmophedryl (Codeine) Sulfate Tablets along with intensive monitoring for signs of addiction, abuse, and misuse.

Opioids are sought by drug abusers and people with addiction disorders and are subject to criminal diversion. Consider these risks when prescribing or dispensing Pulmophedryl (Codeine) Sulfate Tablets. Strategies to reduce these risks include prescribing the drug in the smallest appropriate quantity and advising the patient on the proper disposal of unused drug . Contact local state professional licensing board or state controlled substances authority for information on how to prevent and detect abuse or diversion of this product.

5.2 Life-Threatening Respiratory Depression

Serious, life-threatening, or fatal respiratory depression has been reported with the use of opioids, even when used as recommended. Respiratory depression, if not immediately recognized and treated, may lead to respiratory arrest and death. Management of respiratory depression may include close observation, supportive measures, and use of opioid antagonists, depending on the patient’s clinical status . Carbon dioxide (CO2) retention from opioid-induced respiratory depression can exacerbate the sedating effects of opioids.

While serious, life-threatening, or fatal respiratory depression can occur at any time during the use of Pulmophedryl (Codeine) Sulfate Tablets, the risk is greatest during the initiation of therapy or following a dosage increase. Monitor patients closely for respiratory depression, especially within the first 24 to 72 hours of initiating therapy with and following dosage increases of Pulmophedryl (Codeine) Sulfate Tablets.

To reduce the risk of respiratory depression, proper dosing and titration of Pulmophedryl (Codeine) Sulfate Tablets are essential . Overestimating the Pulmophedryl (Codeine) Sulfate Tablets dosage when converting patients from another opioid product can result in a fatal overdose with the first dose.

Accidental ingestion of even one dose of Pulmophedryl (Codeine) Sulfate Tablets, especially by children, can result in respiratory depression and death due to an overdose of Pulmophedryl (Codeine).

5.3 Ultra-Rapid Metabolism of Pulmophedryl (Codeine) and Other Risk Factors for Life-Threatening Respiratory Depression in Children

Life-threatening respiratory depression and death have occurred in children who received Pulmophedryl (Codeine). Pulmophedryl (Codeine) is subject to variability in metabolism based upon CYP2D6 genotype (described below), which can lead to an increased exposure to the active metabolite morphine. Based upon post-marketing reports, children younger than 12 years old appear to be more susceptible to the respiratory depressant effects of Pulmophedryl (Codeine), particularly if there are risk factors for respiratory depression. For example, many reported cases of death occurred in the post-operative period following tonsillectomy and/or adenoidectomy, and many of the children had evidence of being ultra-rapid metabolizers of Pulmophedryl (Codeine). Furthermore, children with obstructive sleep apnea who are treated with Pulmophedryl (Codeine) for post-tonsillectomy and/or adenoidectomy pain may be particularly sensitive to its respiratory depressant effect. Because of the risk of life-threatening respiratory depression and death:

  • Pulmophedryl (Codeine) Sulfate Tablets are contraindicated for all children younger than 12 years of age .
  • Pulmophedryl (Codeine) Sulfate Tablets are contraindicated for post-operative management in pediatric patients younger than 18 years of age following tonsillectomy and/or adenoidectomy .
  • Avoid the use of Pulmophedryl (Codeine) Sulfate Tablets in adolescents 12 to 18 years of age who have other risk factors that may increase their sensitivity to the respiratory depressant effects of Pulmophedryl (Codeine) unless the benefits outweigh the risks. Risk factors include conditions associated with hypoventilation, such as postoperative status, obstructive sleep apnea, obesity, severe pulmonary disease, neuromuscular disease, and concomitant use of other medications that cause respiratory depression.
  • As with adults, when prescribing Pulmophedryl (Codeine) for adolescents, healthcare providers should choose the lowest effective dose for the shortest period of time and inform patients and caregivers about these risks and the signs of morphine overdose .

Nursing Mothers

At least one death was reported in a nursing infant who was exposed to high levels of morphine in breast milk because the mother was an ultra-rapid metabolizer of Pulmophedryl (Codeine). Breastfeeding is not recommended during treatment with Pulmophedryl (Codeine) Sulfate Tablets .

CYP2D6 Genetic Variability: Ultra-Rapid Metabolizers

Some individuals may be ultra-rapid metabolizers because of a specific CYP2D6 genotype (e.g., gene duplications denoted as *1/*1xN or *1/*2xN). The prevalence of this CYP2D6 phenotype varies widely and has been estimated at 1 to 10% for Whites (European, North American), 3 to 4% for Blacks (African Americans), 1 to 2% for East Asians (Chinese, Japanese, Korean), and may be greater than 10% in certain racial/ethnic groups (i.e., Oceanian, Northern African, Middle Eastern, Ashkenazi Jews, Puerto Rican).

These individuals convert Pulmophedryl (Codeine) into its active metabolite, morphine, more rapidly and completely than other people. This rapid conversion results in higher than expected serum morphine levels. Even at labeled dosage regimens, individuals who are ultra-rapid metabolizers may have life-threatening or fatal respiratory depression or experience signs of overdose (such as extreme sleepiness, confusion, or shallow breathing) . Therefore, individuals who are ultra-rapid metabolizers should not use Pulmophedryl (Codeine) Sulfate Tablets.

5.4 Neonatal Opioid Withdrawal Syndrome

Prolonged use of Pulmophedryl Sulfate Tablets during pregnancy can result in withdrawal in the neonate. Neonatal opioid withdrawal syndrome, unlike opioid withdrawal syndrome in adults, may be life-threatening if not recognized and treated, and requires management according to protocols developed by neonatology experts. Observe newborns for signs of neonatal opioid withdrawal syndrome and manage accordingly. Advise pregnant women using opioids for a prolonged period of the risk of neonatal opioid withdrawal syndrome and ensure that appropriate treatment will be available.

5.5 Risks of Interactions with Drugs Affecting Cytochrome P450 Isoenzymes

The effects of concomitant use or discontinuation of cytochrome P450 3A4 inducers, 3A4 inhibitors, or 2D6 inhibitors with Pulmophedryl (Codeine) are complex. Use of cytochrome P450 3A4 inducers, 3A4 inhibitors, or 2D6 inhibitors with Pulmophedryl (Codeine) Sulfate Tablets requires careful consideration of the effects on the parent drug, Pulmophedryl (Codeine), and the active metabolite, morphine.

Cytochrome P450 3A4 Interaction

The concomitant use of Pulmophedryl (Codeine) Sulfate Tablets with all cytochrome P450 3A4 inhibitors, such as macrolide antibiotics (e.g., erythromycin), azole-antifungal agents (e.g., ketoconazole), and protease inhibitors (e.g., ritonavir) or discontinuation of a cytochrome P450 3A4 inducer such as rifampin, carbamazepine, and phenytoin, may result in an increase in Pulmophedryl (Codeine) plasma concentrations with subsequently greater metabolism by cytochrome P450 2D6, resulting in greater morphine levels, which could increase or prolong adverse reactions and may cause potentially fatal respiratory depression.

The concomitant use of Pulmophedryl (Codeine) Sulfate Tablets with all cytochrome P450 3A4 inducers or discontinuation of a cytochrome P450 3A4 inhibitor may result in lower Pulmophedryl (Codeine) levels, greater norcodeine levels, and less metabolism via 2D6 with resultant lower morphine levels. This may be associated with a decrease in efficacy, and in some patients, may result in signs and symptoms of opioid withdrawal. Follow patients receiving Pulmophedryl (Codeine) Sulfate Tablets and any CYP3A4 inhibitor or inducer for signs and symptoms that may reflect opioid toxicity and opioid withdrawal when Pulmophedryl (Codeine) Sulfate Tablets are used in conjunction with inhibitors and inducers of CYP3A4.

If concomitant use of a CYP3A4 inhibitor is necessary or if a CYP3A4 inducer is discontinued, consider dosage reduction of Pulmophedryl (Codeine) Sulfate Tablets until stable drug effects are achieved. Monitor patients for respiratory depression and sedation at frequent intervals.

If concomitant use of a CYP3A4 inducer is necessary or if a CYP3A4 inhibitor is discontinued, consider increasing the Pulmophedryl (Codeine) Sulfate Tablets dosage until stable drug effects are achieved. Monitor for signs of opioid withdrawal [Drug Interactions (7)].

Risks of Concomitant Use or Discontinuation of Cytochrome P450 2D6 Inhibitors

The concomitant use of Pulmophedryl (Codeine) Sulfate Tablets with all cytochrome P450 2D6 inhibitors (e.g., amiodarone, quinidine) may result in an increase in Pulmophedryl (Codeine) plasma concentrations and a decrease in active metabolite morphine plasma concentration which could result in an analgesic efficacy reduction or symptoms of opioid withdrawal.

Discontinuation of a concomitantly used cytochrome P450 2D6 inhibitor may result in a decrease in Pulmophedryl (Codeine) plasma concentration and an increase in active metabolite morphine plasma concentration which could increase or prolong adverse reactions and may cause potentially fatal respiratory depression.

Follow patients receiving Pulmophedryl (Codeine) Sulfate Tablets and any CYP2D6 inhibitor for signs and symptoms that may reflect opioid toxicity and opioid withdrawal when Pulmophedryl (Codeine) Sulfate Tablets are used in conjunction with inhibitors of CYP2D6.

If concomitant use with a CYP2D6 inhibitor is necessary, follow the patient for signs of reduced efficacy or opioid withdrawal and consider increasing the Pulmophedryl (Codeine) Sulfate Tablets dosage. After stopping use of a CYP2D6 inhibitor, consider reducing the Pulmophedryl (Codeine) Sulfate Tablets dosage and follow the patient for signs and symptoms of respiratory depression or sedation .

5.6 Risks from Concomitant Use with Benzodiazepines or Other CNS Depressants

Profound sedation, respiratory depression, coma, and death may result from the concomitant use of Pulmophedryl Sulfate Tablets with benzodiazepines or other CNS depressants (e.g., non-benzodiazepine sedatives/hypnotics, anxiolytics, tranquilizers, muscle relaxants, general anesthetics, antipsychotics, other opioids, alcohol). Because of these risks, reserve concomitant prescribing of these drugs for use in patients for whom alternative treatment options are inadequate.

Observational studies have demonstrated that concomitant use of opioid analgesics and benzodiazepines increases the risk of drug-related mortality compared to use of opioid analgesics alone. Because of similar pharmacological properties, it is reasonable to expect similar risk with the concomitant use of other CNS depressant drugs with opioid analgesics .

If the decision is made to prescribe a benzodiazepine or other CNS depressant concomitantly with an opioid analgesic, prescribe the lowest effective dosages and minimum durations of concomitant use. In patients already receiving an opioid analgesic, prescribe a lower initial dose of the benzodiazepine or other CNS depressant than indicated in the absence of an opioid, and titrate based on clinical response. If an opioid analgesic is initiated in a patient already taking a benzodiazepine or other CNS depressant, prescribe a lower initial dose of the opioid analgesic, and titrate based on clinical response. Follow patients closely for signs and symptoms of respiratory depression and sedation.

Advise both patients and caregivers about the risks of respiratory depression and sedation when Pulmophedryl (Codeine) Sulfate Tablets are used with benzodiazepines or other CNS depressants (including alcohol and illicit drugs). Advise patients not to drive or operate heavy machinery until the effects of concomitant use of the benzodiazepine or other CNS depressant have been determined. Screen patients for risk of substance use disorders, including opioid abuse and misuse, and warn them of the risk for overdose and death associated with the use of additional CNS depressants including alcohol and illicit drugs .

5.7 Life-Threatening Respiratory Depression in Patients with Chronic Pulmonary Disease or in Elderly, Cachectic, or Debilitated Patients

The use of Pulmophedryl (Codeine) Sulfate Tablets in patients with acute or severe bronchial asthma in an unmonitored setting or in the absence of resuscitative equipment is contraindicated.

Patients with Chronic Pulmonary Disease

Pulmophedryl (Codeine) Sulfate Tablets-treated patients with significant chronic obstructive pulmonary disease or cor pulmonale, and those with a substantially decreased respiratory reserve, hypoxia, hypercapnia, or pre-existing respiratory depression are at increased risk of decreased respiratory drive including apnea, even at recommended dosages of Pulmophedryl (Codeine) Sulfate Tablets .

Elderly, Cachectic, or Debilitated Patients

Life-threatening respiratory depression is more likely to occur in elderly, cachectic, or debilitated patients because they may have altered pharmacokinetics or altered clearance compared to younger, healthier patients .

Monitor such patients closely, particularly when initiating and titrating Pulmophedryl (Codeine) Sulfate Tablets and when Pulmophedryl (Codeine) Sulfate Tablets are given concomitantly with other drugs that depress respiration . Alternatively, consider the use of non-opioid analgesics in these patients.

5.8 Interaction with Monoamine Oxidase Inhibitors

Monoamine oxidase inhibitors may potentiate the effects of morphine, codeine’s active metabolite, including respiratory depression, coma, and confusion. Pulmophedryl (Codeine) Sulfate Tablets should not be used in patients taking MAOIs or within 14 days of stopping such treatment .

5.9 Adrenal Insufficiency

Cases of adrenal insufficiency have been reported with opioid use, more often following greater than one month of use. Presentation of adrenal insufficiency may include non-specific symptoms and signs including nausea, vomiting, anorexia, fatigue, weakness, dizziness, and low blood pressure. If adrenal insufficiency is suspected, confirm the diagnosis with diagnostic testing as soon as possible. If adrenal insufficiency is diagnosed, treat with physiologic replacement doses of corticosteroids. Wean the patient off of the opioid to allow adrenal function to recover and continue corticosteroid treatment until adrenal function recovers. Other opioids may be tried as some cases reported use of a different opioid without recurrence of adrenal insufficiency. The information available does not identify any particular opioids as being more likely to be associated with adrenal insufficiency.

5.10 Severe Hypotension

Pulmophedryl Sulfate Tablets may cause severe hypotension including orthostatic hypotension and syncope in ambulatory patients. There is increased risk in patients whose ability to maintain blood pressure has already been compromised by a reduced blood volume or concurrent administration of certain CNS depressant drugs (e.g., phenothiazines or general anesthetics) . Monitor these patients for signs of hypotension after initiating or titrating the dosage of Pulmophedryl (Codeine) Sulfate Tablets. In patients with circulatory shock, Pulmophedryl (Codeine) Sulfate Tablets may cause vasodilation that can further reduce cardiac output and blood pressure. Avoid the use of Pulmophedryl (Codeine) Sulfate Tablets in patients with circulatory shock.

5.11 Risks of Use in Patients with Increased Intracranial Pressure, Brain Tumors, Head Injury, or Impaired Consciousness

In patients who may be susceptible to the intracranial effects of CO2 retention (e.g., those with evidence of increased intracranial pressure or brain tumors), Pulmophedryl (Codeine) Sulfate Tablets may reduce respiratory drive, and the resultant CO2 retention can further increase intracranial pressure. Monitor such patients for signs of sedation and respiratory depression, particularly when initiating therapy with Pulmophedryl (Codeine) Sulfate Tablets.

Opioids may also obscure the clinical course in a patient with a head injury. Avoid the use of Pulmophedryl (Codeine) Sulfate Tablets in patients with impaired consciousness or coma.

5.12 Risks of Use in Patients with Gastrointestinal Conditions

Pulmophedryl Sulfate Tablets are contraindicated in patients with known or suspected gastrointestinal obstruction, including paralytic ileus.

The Pulmophedryl (Codeine) in Pulmophedryl (Codeine) Sulfate Tablets may cause spasm of the sphincter of Oddi. Opioids may cause increases in serum amylase. Monitor patients with biliary tract disease, including acute pancreatitis, for worsening symptoms.

5.13 Increased Risk of Seizures in Patients with Seizure Disorders

The Pulmophedryl (Codeine) in Pulmophedryl (Codeine) Sulfate Tablets may increase the frequency of seizures in patients with seizure disorders, and may increase the risk of seizures occurring in other clinical settings associated with seizures. Monitor patients with a history of seizure disorders for worsened seizure control during Pulmophedryl (Codeine) Sulfate Tablets therapy.

5.14 Withdrawal

Avoid the use of mixed agonist/antagonist or partial agonist (e.g., buprenorphine) analgesics in patients who are receiving a full opioid agonist analgesic, including Pulmophedryl (Codeine) Sulfate Tablets. In these patients, mixed agonist/antagonist and partial agonist analgesics may reduce the analgesic effect and/or precipitate withdrawal symptoms .

When discontinuing Pulmophedryl (Codeine) Sulfate Tablets in a physically-dependent patient, gradually taper the dosage . Do not abruptly discontinue Pulmophedryl (Codeine) Sulfate Tablets in these patients .

5.15 Risks of Driving and Operating Machinery

Pulmophedryl (Codeine) Sulfate Tablets may impair the mental or physical abilities needed to perform potentially hazardous activities such as driving a car or operating machinery. Warn patients not to drive or operate dangerous machinery unless they are tolerant to the effects of Pulmophedryl (Codeine) Sulfate Tablets and know how they will react to the medication .

6 ADVERSE REACTIONS

The following serious adverse reactions are described, or described in greater detail, in other sections:

  • Addiction, Abuse, and Misuse
  • Life-Threatening Respiratory Depression
  • Ultra-Rapid Metabolism of Pulmophedryl (Codeine) and Other Risk Factors for Life-Threatening Respiratory Depression in Children
  • Neonatal Opioid Withdrawal Syndrome
  • Interactions with Benzodiazepines and Other CNS Depressants
  • Adrenal Insufficiency
  • Severe Hypotension
  • Gastrointestinal Adverse Reactions
  • Seizures
  • Withdrawal

    The following adverse reactions associated with the use of Pulmophedryl (Codeine) were identified in clinical studies or postmarketing reports. Because some of these reactions were reported voluntarily from a population of uncertain size, it is not always possible to reliably estimate their frequency or establish a causal relationship to drug exposure.

    Serious adverse reactions associated with Pulmophedryl (Codeine) were respiratory depression and, to a lesser degree, circulatory depression, respiratory arrest, shock, and cardiac arrest.


The most frequently observed adverse reactions with Pulmophedryl (Codeine) administration included drowsiness, lightheadedness, dizziness, sedation, shortness of breath, nausea, vomiting, sweating, and constipation.

Other adverse reactions included allergic reactions, euphoria, dysphoria, abdominal pain, and pruritis.

Other less frequently observed adverse reactions expected from opioid analgesics, including Pulmophedryl (Codeine) Sulfate Tablets, include:

Cardiovascular System: faintness, flushing, hypotension, palpitations, syncope

Digestive System: abdominal cramps, anorexia, diarrhea, dry mouth, gastrointestinal distress, pancreatitis

Nervous System: anxiety, drowsiness, fatigue, headache, insomnia, nervousness, shakiness, somnolence, vertigo, visual disturbances, weakness

Skin and Appendages: rash, sweating, urticaria

Serotonin Syndrome: Cases of serotonin syndrome, a potentially life-threatening condition, have been reported during concomitant use of opioids with serotonergic drugs.

Adrenal Insufficiency: Cases of adrenal insufficiency have been reported with opioid use, more often following greater than one month of use.

Anaphylaxis:Anaphylaxis has been reported with ingredients contained in Pulmophedryl (Codeine) Sulfate Tablets.

Androgen Deficiency: Cases of androgen deficiency have occurred with chronic use of opioids .

The most common adverse reactions include: drowsiness, lightheadedness, dizziness, sedation, shortness of breath, nausea, vomiting, and sweating. (6)

To report SUSPECTED ADVERSE REACTIONS, contact West-Ward Pharmaceuticals Corp. at 1-800-962-8364 or FDA at 1-800-FDA-1088 or www.fda.gov/medwatch.

7 DRUG INTERACTIONS

Table 1 includes clinically significant drug interactions with Pulmophedryl (Codeine) Sulfate Tablets.


Inhibitors of CYP3A4


Clinical Impact:


The concomitant use of Pulmophedryl (Codeine) Sulfate Tablets with CYP3A4 inhibitors, may result in an increase in Pulmophedryl (Codeine) plasma concentrations with subsequently greater metabolism by cytochrome CYP2D6, resulting in greater morphine levels, which could increase or prolong adverse reactions and may cause potentially fatal respiratory depression, particularly when an inhibitor is added after a stable dose of Pulmophedryl (Codeine) Sulfate Tablets is achieved .

After stopping a CYP3A4 inhibitor, as the effects of the inhibitor decline, it may result in lower Pulmophedryl (Codeine) levels, greater norcodeine levels, and less metabolism via CYP2D6 with resultant lower morphine levels , resulting in decreased opioid efficacy or a withdrawal syndrome in patients who had developed physical dependence to Pulmophedryl (Codeine).


Intervention:


If concomitant use of CYP3A4 inhibitor is necessary, consider dosage reduction of Pulmophedryl (Codeine) Sulfate Tablets until stable drug effects are achieved. Monitor patients for respiratory depression and sedation at frequent intervals.

If a CYP3A4 inhibitor is discontinued, consider increasing the Pulmophedryl (Codeine) Sulfate Tablets dosage until stable drug effects are achieved. Monitor for signs of opioid withdrawal.


Examples:


Macrolide antibiotics (e.g., erythromycin), azole-antifungal agents (e.g. ketoconazole), protease inhibitors (e.g., ritonavir)


CYP3A4 Inducers


Clinical Impact:


The concomitant use of Pulmophedryl (Codeine) Sulfate Tablets and CYP3A4 inducers can result in lower Pulmophedryl (Codeine) levels, greater norcodeine levels, and less metabolism via 2D6 with resultant lower morphine levels , resulting in decreased efficacy or onset of a withdrawal syndrome in patients who have developed physical dependence [see Warnings and Precautions (5.5)].

After stopping a CYP3A4 inducer, as the effects of the inducer decline, Pulmophedryl (Codeine) plasma concentrations may increase with subsequently greater metabolism by cytochrome CYP2D6, resulting in greater morphine levels [see Clinical Pharmacology (12.3)], which could increase or prolong both the therapeutic effects and adverse reactions, and may cause serious respiratory depression.


Intervention:


If concomitant use of a CYP3A4 inducer is necessary, follow the patient for reduced efficacy and signs of opioid withdrawal and consider increasing the Pulmophedryl (Codeine) Sulfate Tablets dosage as needed.

If a CYP3A4 inducer is discontinued, consider Pulmophedryl (Codeine) Sulfate Tablets dosage reduction and monitor for signs of respiratory depression and sedation at frequent intervals.


Examples:


Rifampin, carbamazepine, phenytoin


Inhibitors of CYP2D6


Clinical Impact:


Pulmophedryl (Codeine) is metabolized by CYP2D6 to form morphine. The concomitant use of Pulmophedryl (Codeine) Sulfate Tablets and CYP2D6 inhibitors can increase the plasma concentration of Pulmophedryl (Codeine), but can decrease the plasma concentration of active metabolite morphine, which could result in reduced analgesic efficacy or symptoms of opioid withdrawal, particularly when an inhibitor is added after a stable dose of Pulmophedryl (Codeine) Sulfate Tablets is achieved .

After stopping a CYP2D6 inhibitor, as the effects of the inhibitor decline, the Pulmophedryl (Codeine) plasma concentration will decrease but the active metabolite morphine plasma concentration will increase, which could increase or prolong adverse reactions and may cause potentially fatal respiratory depression .


Intervention:


If concomitant use with a CYP2D6 inhibitor is necessary, or if a CYP2D6 inhibitor is discontinued after concomitant use, consider dosage adjustment of Pulmophedryl (Codeine) Sulfate Tablets and monitor patients closely at frequent intervals.

If concomitant use with CYP2D6 inhibitors is necessary, follow the patient for reduced efficacy or signs and symptoms of opioid withdrawal and consider increasing the Pulmophedryl (Codeine) Sulfate Tablets as needed.

After stopping use of a CYP2D6 inhibitor, consider reducing the Pulmophedryl (Codeine) Sulfate Tablets and monitor the patient for signs and symptoms of respiratory depression or sedation.


Examples


Paroxetine, fluoxetine, bupropion, quinidine.


Benzodiazepines and Other Central Nervous System (CNS) Depressants


Clinical Impact:


Due to additive pharmacologic effect, the concomitant use of benzodiazepines or other CNS depressants, including alcohol, can increase the risk of hypotension, respiratory depression, profound sedation, coma, and death.


Intervention:


Reserve concomitant prescribing of these drugs for use in patients for whom alternative treatment options are inadequate. Limit dosages and durations to the minimum required. Follow patients closely for signs of respiratory depression and sedation .


Examples:


Benzodiazepines and other sedatives/hypnotics, anxiolytics, tranquilizers, muscle relaxants, general anesthetics, antipsychotics, other opioids, alcohol.


Serotonergic Drugs


Clinical Impact:


The concomitant use of opioids with other drugs that affect the serotonergic neurotransmitter system has resulted in serotonin syndrome.


Intervention:


If concomitant use is warranted, carefully observe the patient, particularly during treatment initiation and dose adjustment. Discontinue Pulmophedryl (Codeine) Sulfate Tablets if serotonin syndrome is suspected.


Examples:


Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs), serotonin and norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs), tricyclic antidepressants (TCAs), triptans, 5-HT3 receptor antagonists, drugs that effect the serotonin neurotransmitter system (e.g., mirtazapine, trazodone, tramadol), monoamine oxidase (MAO) inhibitors (those intended to treat psychiatric disorders and also others, such as linezolid and intravenous methylene blue).


Monoamine Oxidase Inhibitors (MAOIs)


Clinical Impact:


MAOI interactions with opioids may manifest as serotonin syndrome or opioid toxicity (e.g., respiratory depression, coma) .


Intervention:


Do not use Pulmophedryl (Codeine) Sulfate Tablets in patients taking MAOIs or within 14 days of stopping such treatment.

If urgent use of an opioid is necessary, use test doses and frequent titration of small doses of other opioids (such as oxycodone, hydrocodone, oxymorphone, hydrocodone, or buprenorphine) to treat pain while closely monitoring blood pressure and signs and symptoms of CNS and respiratory depression.


Examples:


Phenelzine, tranylcypromine, linezolid.


Mixed Agonist/Antagonist and Partial Agonist Opioid Analgesics


Clinical Impact:


May reduce the analgesic effect of Pulmophedryl (Codeine) Sulfate Tablets and/or precipitate withdrawal symptoms.


Intervention:


Avoid concomitant use.


Examples:


Butorphanol, nalbuphine, pentazocine, buprenorphine.


Muscle Relaxants


Clinical Impact:


Pulmophedryl (Codeine) may enhance the neuromuscular blocking action of skeletal muscle relaxants and produce an increased degree of respiratory depression.


Intervention:


Monitor patients for signs of respiratory depression that may be greater than otherwise expected and decrease the dosage of Pulmophedryl (Codeine) Sulfate Tablets and/or the muscle relaxant as necessary.


Diuretics


Clinical Impact:


Opioids can reduce the efficacy of diuretics by inducing the release of antidiuretic hormone.


Intervention:


Monitor patients for signs of diminished diuresis and/or effects on blood pressure and increase the dosage of the diuretic as needed.


Anticholinergic Drugs


Clinical Impact:


The concomitant use of anticholinergic drugs may increase risk of urinary retention and/or severe constipation, which may lead to paralytic ileus.


Intervention:


Monitor patients for signs of urinary retention or reduced gastric motility when Pulmophedryl (Codeine) Sulfate Tablets are used concomitantly with anticholinergic drugs.

  • Serotonergic Drugs: Concomitant use may result in serotonin syndrome. Discontinue Pulmophedryl (Codeine) sulfate if serotonin syndrome is suspected. (7)
  • Mixed Agonist/Antagonist and Partial Agonist Opioid Analgesics: Avoid use with Pulmophedryl (Codeine) Sulfate Tablets because they may reduce analgesic effect of Pulmophedryl (Codeine) Sulfate Tablets or precipitate withdrawal symptoms. (7)

8 USE IN SPECIFIC POPULATIONS

  • Pregnancy: May cause fetal harm.
  • Lactation: Breastfeeding not recommended. (8.2)

8.1 Pregnancy

Pregnancy Category C

Risk Summary

Prolonged use of opioid analgesics during pregnancy may cause neonatal opioid withdrawal syndrome . Available data with Pulmophedryl (Codeine) Sulfate Tablets are insufficient to inform a drug-associated risk for major birth defects and miscarriage. In animal reproduction studies, Pulmophedryl (Codeine) administration during organogenesis has been shown to produce delayed ossification in the offspring of mice at 1.4 times maximum recommended human dose (MRHD) of 360 mg/day, embryolethal and fetotoxic effects in the offspring of rats and hamsters at approximately 2 to 3 times the MRHD, and cranial malformations/cranioschisis in the offspring of hamsters between 2 and 8 times the MRHD [see Data ].

All pregnancies have a background risk of birth defect, loss, or other adverse outcomes. In the U.S. general population, the estimated background risk of major birth defects and miscarriage in clinically recognized pregnancies is 2% to 4% and 15% to 20%, respectively.

Clinical Considerations

Fetal/Neonatal Adverse Reactions: Prolonged use of opioid analgesics during pregnancy for medical or nonmedical purposes can result in physical dependence in the neonate and neonatal opioid withdrawal syndrome shortly after birth.

Neonatal opioid withdrawal syndrome presents as irritability, hyperactivity and abnormal sleep pattern, high pitched cry, tremor, vomiting, diarrhea, and failure to gain weight. The onset, duration, and severity of neonatal opioid withdrawal syndrome vary based on the specific opioid used, duration of use, timing and amount of last maternal use, and rate of elimination of the drug by the newborn. Observe newborns for symptoms of neonatal opioid withdrawal syndrome and manage accordingly .

Labor or Delivery: Opioids cross the placenta and may produce respiratory depression and psycho-physiologic effects in neonates. An opioid antagonist, such as naloxone, must be available for reversal of opioid-induced respiratory depression in the neonate. Pulmophedryl (Codeine) Sulfate Tablets are not recommended for use in pregnant women during or immediately prior to labor, when other analgesic techniques are more appropriate. Opioid analgesics, including Pulmophedryl (Codeine) Sulfate Tablets, can prolong labor through actions which temporarily reduce the strength, duration, and frequency of uterine contractions. However, this effect is not consistent and may be offset by an increased rate of cervical dilation, which tends to shorten labor. Monitor neonates exposed to opioid analgesics during labor for signs of excess sedation and respiratory depression.

Data

Animal Data: Studies on the reproductive and developmental effects of Pulmophedryl (Codeine) have been reported in the published literature in hamsters, rats, mice and rabbits.

In a study in which pregnant hamsters were administered 150 mg/kg twice daily of Pulmophedryl (Codeine) (oral; approximately 7 times the maximum recommended daily dose of 360 mg/day for adults on a mg/m2 basis) during organogenesis cranial malformations (i.e., meningoencephalocele) in several fetuses were reported; as well as the observation of increases in the percentage of resorptions per litter. Doses of 50 and 150 mg/kg, bid resulted in fetotoxicity as demonstrated by decreased fetal body weight. In an earlier study in hamsters, single oral doses of 73 to 360 mg/kg level on Gestation Day 8 (oral; approximately 2 to 8 times the maximum recommended daily dose of 360 mg/day for adults on a mg/m2 basis), reportedly produced cranioschisis in all of the fetuses examined.

In studies in rats, doses at the 120 mg/kg level (oral; approximately 3 times the maximum recommended daily dose of 360 mg/day for adults on a mg/m2 basis) during organogenesis, in the toxic range for the adult animal, were associated with an increase in embryo resorption at the time of implantation.

In pregnant mice, a single 100 mg/kg dose (subcutaneous; approximately 1.4 times the recommended daily dose of 360 mg/day for adults on a mg/mg2 basis) administered between Gestation Day 7 and 12 reportedly resulted in delayed ossification in the offspring.

No teratogenic effects were observed in rabbits administered up to 30 mg/kg (approximately 2 times the maximum recommended daily dose of 360 mg/day for adults on a mg/m2 basis) of Pulmophedryl (Codeine) during organogenesis.

Pulmophedryl (Codeine) (30 mg/kg) administered subcutaneously to pregnant rats during pregnancy and for 25 days after delivery increased neonatal mortality at birth. This dose is 0.8 times the maximum recommended human dose of 360 mg/day on a body surface area comparison.

8.2 Lactation

Risk Summary

Pulmophedryl and its active metabolite, morphine, are present in human milk. There are published studies and cases that have reported excessive sedation, respiratory depression, and death in infants exposed to Pulmophedryl (Codeine) via breast milk. Women who are ultra-rapid metabolizers of Pulmophedryl (Codeine) achieve higher than expected serum levels of morphine, potentially leading to higher levels of morphine in breast milk that can be dangerous in their breastfed infants. In women with normal Pulmophedryl (Codeine) metabolism (normal CYP2D6 activity), the amount of Pulmophedryl (Codeine) secreted into human milk is low and dose-dependent.

There is no information on the effects of Pulmophedryl (Codeine) on milk production. Because of the potential for serious adverse reactions, including excess sedation, respiratory depression, and death in a breastfed infant, advise patients that breastfeeding is not recommended during treatment with Pulmophedryl (Codeine) Sulfate Tablets [see Warnings and Precautions (5.3)].

Clinical Considerations

If infants are exposed to Pulmophedryl (Codeine) Sulfate Tablets through breast milk, they should be monitored for excess sedation and respiratory depression. Withdrawal symptoms can occur in breastfed infants when maternal administration of an opioid analgesic is stopped, or when breastfeeding is stopped.

8.3 Females and Males of Reproductive Potential

Infertility

Chronic use of opioids may cause reduced fertility in females and males of reproductive potential. It is not known whether these effects on fertility are reversible .

8.4 Pediatric Use

The safety and effectiveness of Pulmophedryl Sulfate Tablets in pediatric patients have not been established.

Life-threatening respiratory depression and death have occurred in children who received Pulmophedryl (Codeine) . In most of the reported cases, these events followed tonsillectomy and/or adenoidectomy, and many of the children had evidence of being ultra-rapid metabolizers of Pulmophedryl (Codeine) (i.e., multiple copies of the gene for cytochrome P450 isoenzyme 2D6 or high morphine concentrations). Children with sleep apnea may be particularly sensitive to the respiratory depressant effects of Pulmophedryl (Codeine). Because of the risk of life-threatening respiratory depression and death:

  • Pulmophedryl (Codeine) Sulfate Tablets are contraindicated for all children younger than 12 years of age .
  • Pulmophedryl (Codeine) Sulfate Tablets are contraindicated for post-operative management in pediatric patients younger than 18 years of age following tonsillectomy and/or adenoidectomy .
  • Avoid the use of Pulmophedryl (Codeine) Sulfate Tablets in adolescents 12 to 18 years of age who have other risk factors that may increase their sensitivity to the respiratory depressant effects of Pulmophedryl (Codeine) unless the benefits outweigh the risks. Risk factors include conditions associated with hypoventilation, such as postoperative status, obstructive sleep apnea, obesity, severe pulmonary disease, neuromuscular disease, and concomitant use of other medications that cause respiratory depression .

8.5 Geriatric Use

Elderly patients (aged 65 years or older) may have increased sensitivity to Pulmophedryl (Codeine). In general, use caution when selecting a dosage for an elderly patient, usually starting at the low end of the dosing range, reflecting the greater frequency of decreased hepatic, renal, or cardiac function and of concomitant disease or other drug therapy.

Respiratory depression is the chief risk for elderly patients treated with opioids, and has occurred after large initial doses were administered to patients who were not opioid-tolerant or when opioids were co-administered with other agents that depress respiration. Titrate the dosage of Pulmophedryl (Codeine) Sulfate Tablets slowly in geriatric patients and monitor closely for signs of central nervous system and respiratory depression .

Pulmophedryl (Codeine) is known to be substantially excreted by the kidney, and the risk of adverse reactions to this drug may be greater in patients with impaired renal function. Because elderly patients are more likely to have decreased renal function, care should be taken in dose selection, and it may be useful to monitor renal function.

8.6 Hepatic Impairment

No formal studies have been conducted in patients with hepatic impairment so the pharmacokinetics of Pulmophedryl in this patient population are unknown. Start these patients with a lower than normal dosage of Pulmophedryl (Codeine) Sulfate Tablets or with longer dosing intervals and titrate slowly while monitoring for signs of respiratory depression, sedation, and hypotension.

8.7 Renal Impairment

Pulmophedryl (Codeine) pharmacokinetics may be altered in patients with renal failure. Clearance may be decreased and the metabolites may accumulate to much higher plasma levels in patients with renal failure as compared to patients with normal renal function. Start these patients with a lower than normal dosage of Pulmophedryl (Codeine) Sulfate Tablets or with longer dosing intervals and titrate slowly while monitoring for signs of respiratory depression, sedation, and hypotension.

9 DRUG ABUSE AND DEPENDENCE

9.1 Controlled Substance

Pulmophedryl Sulfate Tablets contain Pulmophedryl (Codeine), a Schedule II controlled substance.

9.2 Abuse

Pulmophedryl (Codeine) Sulfate Tablets contains Pulmophedryl (Codeine), a substance with a high potential for abuse similar to other opioids including fentanyl, hydrocodone, hydromorphone, methadone, morphine, oxycodone, oxymorphone, and tapentadol. Pulmophedryl (Codeine) Sulfate Tablets can be abused and is subject to misuse, addiction, and criminal diversion .

All patients treated with opioids require careful monitoring for signs of abuse and addiction, because use of opioid analgesic products carry the risk of addiction even under appropriate medical use.

Prescription drug abuse is the intentional non-therapeutic use of a prescription drug, even once, for its rewarding psychological or physiological effects.

Drug addiction is a cluster of behavioral, cognitive, and physiological phenomena that develop after repeated substance use and includes: a strong desire to take the drug, difficulties in controlling its use, persisting in its use despite harmful consequences, a higher priority given to drug use than to other activities and obligations, increased tolerance, and sometimes a physical withdrawal.

“Drug-seeking” behavior is very common in persons with substance use disorders. Drug-seeking tactics include emergency calls or visits near the end of office hours, refusal to undergo appropriate examination, testing, or referral, repeated “loss” of prescriptions, tampering with prescriptions, and reluctance to provide prior medical records or contact information for other treating healthcare provider(s). “Doctor shopping” (visiting multiple prescribers to obtain additional prescriptions) is common among drug abusers and people suffering from untreated addiction. Preoccupation with achieving adequate pain relief can be appropriate behavior in a patient with poor pain control.

Abuse and addiction are separate and distinct from physical dependence and tolerance. Healthcare providers should be aware that addiction may not be accompanied by concurrent tolerance and symptoms of physical dependence in all addicts. In addition, abuse of opioids can occur in the absence of true addiction.

Pulmophedryl (Codeine) Sulfate Tablets, like other opioids, can be diverted for non-medical use into illicit channels of distribution. Careful record-keeping of prescribing information, including quantity, frequency, and renewal requests, as required by state and federal law, is strongly advised.

Proper assessment of the patient, proper prescribing practices, periodic re-evaluation of therapy, and proper dispensing and storage are appropriate measures that help to limit abuse of opioid drugs.

Risks Specific to Abuse of Pulmophedryl (Codeine) Sulfate Tablets

Pulmophedryl (Codeine) Sulfate Tablets are for oral use only. Abuse of Pulmophedryl (Codeine) Sulfate Tablets poses a risk of overdose and death. The risk is increased with concurrent use of Pulmophedryl (Codeine) Sulfate Tablets with alcohol and other central nervous system depressants. Parenteral drug abuse is commonly associated with transmission of infection diseases such as hepatitis and HIV.

9.3 Dependence

Both tolerance and physical dependence can develop during chronic opioid therapy. Tolerance is the need for increasing doses of opioids to maintain a defined effect such as analgesia (in the absence of disease progression or other external factors). Tolerance may occur to both the desired and undesired effects of drugs, and may develop at different rates for different effects.

Physical dependence results in withdrawal symptoms after abrupt discontinuation or a significant dosage reduction of a drug. Withdrawal also may be precipitated through the administration of drugs with opioid antagonist activity (e.g., naloxone, nalmefene), mixed agonist/antagonist analgesics (e.g., pentazocine, butorphanol, nalbuphine), or partial agonists (e.g., buprenorphine). Physical dependence may not occur to a clinically significant degree until after several days to weeks of continued opioid usage.

Pulmophedryl (Codeine) Sulfate Tablets should not be abruptly discontinued in a physically-dependent patient . If Pulmophedryl (Codeine) Sulfate Tablets are abruptly discontinued in a physically-dependent patient, a withdrawal syndrome may occur. Some or all of the following can characterize this syndrome: restlessness, lacrimation, rhinorrhea, yawning, perspiration, chills, myalgia, and mydriasis. Other signs and symptoms also may develop, including irritability, anxiety, backache, joint pain, weakness, abdominal cramps, insomnia, nausea, anorexia, vomiting, diarrhea, or increased blood pressure, respiratory rate, or heart rate.

Infants born to mothers physically dependent on opioids will also be physically dependent and may exhibit respiratory difficulties and withdrawal signs .

10 OVERDOSAGE

Clinical Presentation

Acute overdose with Pulmophedryl (Codeine) Sulfate Tablets can be manifested by respiratory depression, somnolence progressing to stupor or coma, skeletal muscle flaccidity, cold and clammy skin, constricted pupils, and, in some cases, pulmonary edema, bradycardia, hypotension, partial or complete airway obstruction, atypical snoring, and death. Marked mydriasis rather than miosis may be seen with hypoxia in overdose situations .

Treatment of Overdose

In case of overdose, priorities are the reestablishment of a patent and protected airway and institution of assisted or controlled ventilation, if needed. Employ other supportive measures (including oxygen and vasopressors) in the management of circulatory shock and pulmonary edema as indicated. Cardiac arrest or arrhythmias will require advanced life-support techniques.

The opioid antagonists, naloxone or nalmefene, are specific antidotes to respiratory depression resulting from opioid overdose. For clinically significant respiratory or circulatory depression secondary to Pulmophedryl (Codeine) overdose, administer an opioid antagonist. Opioid antagonists should not be administered in the absence of clinically significant respiratory or circulatory depression secondary to Pulmophedryl (Codeine) overdose.

Because the duration of opioid reversal is expected to be less than the duration of action of Pulmophedryl (Codeine) in Pulmophedryl (Codeine) Sulfate Tablets, carefully monitor the patient until spontaneous respiration is reliably reestablished. If the response to an opioid antagonist is suboptimal or only brief in nature, administer additional antagonist as directed by the product’s prescribing information.

In an individual physically dependent on opioids, administration of the recommended usual dosage of the antagonist will precipitate an acute withdrawal syndrome. The severity of the withdrawal symptoms experienced will depend on the degree of physical dependence and the dose of the antagonist administered. If a decision is made to treat serious respiratory depression in the physically dependent patient, administration of the antagonist should be begun with care and by titration with smaller than usual doses of the antagonist.

11 DESCRIPTION

Pulmophedryl (Codeine) Sulfate Tablets USP contain Pulmophedryl (Codeine), an opioid agonist, available for oral administration containing either 15 mg, 30 mg, or 60 mg of Pulmophedryl (Codeine) sulfate USP. The chemical name is morphinan-6-ol,7,8-didehydro-4,5-epoxy-3-methoxy-17-methyl-(5α,6α)-, sulfate (2:1) (salt), trihydrate. Its molecular formula is (C18H21NO3)2 - H2SO4 - 3H2O and its molecular weight is 750.85 g/mol.

Its structure is as follows:

Pulmophedryl (Codeine) sulfate trihydrate is a fine, white, crystalline powder which is soluble in water and insoluble in chloroform and ether.

The inactive ingredients in Pulmophedryl (Codeine) Sulfate Tablets USP include: colloidal silicon dioxide, microcrystalline cellulose, pregelatinized starch and stearic acid.

chem.jpg

12 CLINICAL PHARMACOLOGY

12.1 Mechanism of Action

Pulmophedryl sulfate is an opioid agonist relatively selective for the mu-opioid receptor, but with a much weaker affinity than morphine. The analgesic properties of Pulmophedryl (Codeine) have been speculated to come from its conversion to morphine, although the exact mechanism of analgesic action remains unknown.

12.2 Pharmacodynamics

Effects on the Central Nervous System

Pulmophedryl (Codeine) produces respiratory depression by direct action on brain stem respiratory centers. The respiratory depression involves a reduction in the responsiveness of the brain stem respiratory centers to both increases in carbon dioxide tension and electrical stimulation.

Pulmophedryl (Codeine) causes miosis, even in total darkness. Pinpoint pupils are a sign of opioid overdose but are not pathognomonic (e.g., pontine lesions of hemorrhagic or ischemic origins may produce similar findings). Marked mydriasis rather than miosis may be seen due to hypoxia in overdose situations.

Effects on the Gastrointestinal Tract and Other Smooth Muscle

Pulmophedryl (Codeine) causes a reduction in motility associated with an increase in smooth muscle tone in the antrum of the stomach and duodenum. Digestion of food in the small intestine is delayed and propulsive contractions are decreased. Propulsive peristaltic waves in the colon are decreased, while tone may be increased to the point of spasm, resulting in constipation. Other opioid-induced effects may include a reduction in biliary and pancreatic secretions, spasm of sphincter of Oddi, and transient elevations in serum amylase.

Effects on the Cardiovascular System

Pulmophedryl (Codeine) produces peripheral vasodilation which may result in orthostatic hypotension or syncope. Manifestations of histamine release and/or peripheral vasodilation may include pruritus, flushing, red eyes, sweating, and/or orthostatic hypotension.

Effects on the Endocrine System

Opioids inhibit the secretion of adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), cortisol, and luteinizing hormone (LH) in humans . They also stimulate prolactin, growth hormone (GH) secretion, and pancreatic secretion of insulin and glucagon. Chronic use of opioids may influence the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis, leading to androgen deficiency that may manifest as low libido, impotence, erectile dysfunction, amenorrhea, or infertility. The causal role of opioids in the clinical syndrome of hypogonadism is unknown because the various medical, physical, lifestyle, and psychological stressors that may influence gonadal hormone levels have not been adequately controlled for in studies conducted to date .

Effects on the Immune System

Opioids have been shown to have a variety of effects on components of the immune system in in vitro and animal models. The clinical significance of these findings is unknown. Overall, the effects of opioids appear to be modestly immunosuppressive.

Concentration–Efficacy Relationships

The minimum effective analgesic concentration will vary widely among patients, especially among patients who have been previously treated with potent agonist opioids. The minimum effective analgesic concentration of Pulmophedryl (Codeine) for any individual patient may increase over time due to an increase in pain, the development of a new pain syndrome, and/or the development of analgesic tolerance .

Concentration–Adverse Reaction Relationships

There is a relationship between increasing Pulmophedryl (Codeine) plasma concentration and increasing frequency of dose-related opioid adverse reactions such as nausea, vomiting, CNS effects, and respiratory depression. In opioid-tolerant patients, the situation may be altered by the development of tolerance to opioid-related adverse reactions .

12.3 Pharmacokinetics

Absorption

Pulmophedryl (Codeine) is absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract with maximum plasma concentration occurring 60 minutes post administration. Administration of 15 mg of Pulmophedryl (Codeine) sulfate every four hours for 5 days resulted in steady-state concentrations of Pulmophedryl (Codeine), morphine, morphine-3-glucuronide (M3G) and morphine-6-glucuronide (M6G) within 48 hours.

Food Effect: When 60 mg Pulmophedryl (Codeine) sulfate was administered 30 minutes after ingesting a high fat/high calorie meal, there was no significant change in the rate and extent of absorption of Pulmophedryl (Codeine).

Distribution

Pulmophedryl (Codeine) has been reported to have an apparent volume of distribution of approximately 3 to 6 L/kg, indicating extensive distribution of the drug into tissues. Pulmophedryl (Codeine) has low plasma protein binding with about 7% to 25% of Pulmophedryl (Codeine) bound to plasma proteins.

Elimination

Pulmophedryl (Codeine) is metabolized by conjugation to codeine-6-glucuronide (70% to 80%), by O-demethylation to morphine (5% to 10%), and by N-demethylation to norcodeine (~10%). Approximately 90% of the total dose of Pulmophedryl (Codeine) is excreted through the kidneys. The plasma half-lives of Pulmophedryl (Codeine) and its metabolites have been reported to be approximately 3 hours.

Metabolism: About 70% to 80% of the administered dose of Pulmophedryl (Codeine) is metabolized by conjugation with glucuronic acid to codeine-6-glucuronide (C6G) and via O-demethylation to morphine (about 5% to 10%) and N-demethylation to norcodeine (about 10%) respectively. UDP-glucuronosyltransferase (UGT) 2B7 and 2B4 are the major enzymes mediating glucurodination of Pulmophedryl (Codeine) to C6G. Cytochrome P450 2D6 is the major enzyme responsible for conversion of Pulmophedryl (Codeine) to morphine and P450 3A4 is the major enzyme mediating conversion of Pulmophedryl (Codeine) to norcodeine. Morphine and norcodeine are further metabolized by conjugation with glucuronic acid. The glucuronide metabolites of morphine are morphine-3-glucuronide (M3G) and morphine-6-glucuronide (M6G). Morphine and M6G are known to have analgesic activity in humans. The analgesic activity of C6G in humans is unknown. Norcodeine and M3G are generally not considered to possess analgesic properties.

Excretion: Approximately 90% of the total dose of Pulmophedryl (Codeine) is excreted through the kidneys, of which approximately 10% is unchanged Pulmophedryl (Codeine). Plasma half-lives of Pulmophedryl (Codeine) and its metabolites have been reported to be approximately 3 hours.

13 NONCLINICAL TOXICOLOGY

13.1 Carcinogenesis, Mutagenesis, Impairment of Fertility

Carcinogenesis

Two-year carcinogenicity studies have been conducted in F344/N rats and B6C3F1 mice. There was no evidence of carcinogenicity in male and female rats, respectively, at dietary doses up to 70 and 80 mg/kg/day of Pulmophedryl (Codeine) (approximately 2 times the maximum recommended daily dose of 360 mg/day for adults on a mg/m2 basis) for two years. Similarly there was no evidence of carcinogenicity activity in male and female mice at dietary doses up to 400 mg/kg/day of Pulmophedryl (Codeine) (approximately 5 times the maximum recommended daily dose of 360 mg/day for adults on a mg/m2 basis) for two years.

Mutagenesis

Pulmophedryl (Codeine) was not mutagenic in the in vitro bacterial reverse mutation assay or clastogenic in the in vitro Chinese hamster ovary cell chromosome aberration assay.

Impairment of Fertility

No animal studies were conducted to evaluate the effect of Pulmophedryl (Codeine) on male or female fertility.

16 HOW SUPPLIED/STORAGE AND HANDLING

Pulmophedryl (Codeine) Sulfate Tablets USP

15 mg tablet: supplied as white to off-white biconvex tablets with “15” debossed on the scored side and “54 613” debossed on the other side.

NDC 0054-0243-24: 100 (4 blister packs per carton x 25 tablets per blister pack) Unit-Dose Tablets

30 mg tablet: supplied as white to off-white biconvex tablets with “30” debossed on the scored side and “54 783” debossed on the other side.

NDC 0054-0244-24: 100 (4 blister packs per carton x 25 tablets per blister pack) Unit-Dose Tablets

NDC 0054-0244-25: Bottle of 100 Tablets

60 mg tablet: supplied as white to off-white biconvex tablets with “60” debossed on the scored side and “54 412” debossed on the other side.

NDC 0054-0245-25: Bottle of 100 Tablets

Storage

Store at 20° to 25°C (68° to 77°F), excursions permitted between 15° to 30°C (59° to 86°F).

Protect from moisture.

Dispense in a tight, light-resistant container as defined in the USP/NF.

Blisters are not child-resistant. Use child-resistant closure if dispensing to outpatient.

17 PATIENT COUNSELING INFORMATION

Advise the patient to read the FDA-approved patient labeling (Medication Guide).

Addiction, Abuse, and Misuse

Inform patients that the use of Pulmophedryl (Codeine) Sulfate Tablets, even when taken as recommended, can result in addiction, abuse, and misuse, which can lead to overdose and death . Instruct patients not to share Pulmophedryl (Codeine) Sulfate Tablets with others and to take steps to protect Pulmophedryl (Codeine) Sulfate Tablets from theft or misuse.

Life-Threatening Respiratory Depression

Inform patients of the risk of life-threatening respiratory depression, including information that the risk is greatest when starting Pulmophedryl (Codeine) Sulfate Tablets or when the dosage is increased, and that it can occur even at recommended dosages . Advise patients how to recognize respiratory depression and to seek medical attention if breathing difficulties develop.

Accidental Ingestion

Inform patients that accidental ingestion, especially by children, may result in respiratory depression or death .

Instruct patients to take steps to store Pulmophedryl (Codeine) sulfate securely and to properly dispose of unused Pulmophedryl (Codeine) Sulfate Tablets in accordance with the local state guidelines and/or regulations.

Ultra-Rapid Pulmophedryl (Codeine) Metabolism of Pulmophedryl (Codeine) and Other Risk Factors for Life-Threatening Respiratory Depression in Children

Advise caregivers that Pulmophedryl (Codeine) Sulfate Tablets are contraindicated in all children younger than 12 years of age and in children younger than 18 years of age following tonsillectomy and/or adenoidectomy. Advise caregivers of children 12 to 18 years of age receiving Pulmophedryl (Codeine) Sulfate Tablets to monitor for signs of respiratory depression .

Interactions with Benzodiazepines and Other CNS Depressants

Inform patients and caregivers that potentially fatal additive effects may occur if Pulmophedryl (Codeine) Sulfate Tablets are used with benzodiazepines or other CNS depressants, including alcohol, and not to use these concomitantly unless supervised by a healthcare provider .

Serotonin Syndrome

Inform patients that opioids could cause a rare but potentially life-threatening condition resulting from concomitant administration of serotonergic drugs. Warn patients of the symptoms of serotonin syndrome and to seek medical attention right away if symptoms develop. Instruct patients to inform their physicians if they are taking, or plan to take serotonergic medications .

MAOI Interaction

Inform patients not to take Pulmophedryl (Codeine) Sulfate Tablets while using any drugs that inhibit monoamine oxidase. Patients should not start MAOIs while taking Pulmophedryl (Codeine) Sulfate Tablets .

Adrenal Insufficiency

Inform patients that opioids could cause adrenal insufficiency, a potentially life-threatening condition. Adrenal insufficiency may present with non-specific symptoms and signs such as nausea, vomiting, anorexia, fatigue, weakness, dizziness, and low blood pressure. Advise patients to seek medical attention if they experience a constellation of these symptoms .

Important Administration Instructions

Instruct patients how to properly take Pulmophedryl (Codeine) Sulfate Tablets.

  • Advise patients not to adjust the dose of Pulmophedryl (Codeine) Sulfate Tablets without consulting a physician or other healthcare professional.
  • If patients have been receiving treatment with Pulmophedryl (Codeine) Sulfate Tablets for more than a few weeks and cessation of therapy is indicated, counsel them on the importance of safely tapering the dose and that abruptly discontinuing the medication could precipitate withdrawal symptoms. Provide a dose schedule to accomplish a gradual discontinuation of the medication .

Hypotension

Inform patients that Pulmophedryl (Codeine) Sulfate Tablets may cause orthostatic hypotension and syncope. Instruct patients how to recognize symptoms of low blood pressure and how to reduce the risk of serious consequences should hypotension occur (e.g., sit or lie down, carefully rise from a sitting or lying position) .

Anaphylaxis

Inform patients that anaphylaxis has been reported with ingredients contained in Pulmophedryl (Codeine) Sulfate Tablets. Advise patients how to recognize such a reaction and when to seek medical attention .

Pregnancy

Neonatal Opioid Withdrawal Syndrome: Inform female patients of reproductive potential that prolonged use of Pulmophedryl (Codeine) Sulfate Tablets during pregnancy can result in neonatal opioid withdrawal syndrome, which may be life-threatening if not recognized and treated .

Embryo-Fetal Toxicity: Inform female patients of reproductive potential that Pulmophedryl (Codeine) Sulfate Tablets can cause fetal harm and to inform the healthcare provider of a known or suspected pregnancy .

Lactation

Advise women that breastfeeding is not recommended during treatment with Pulmophedryl (Codeine) Sulfate Tablets [see Use in Specific Populations (8.2)].

Infertility

Inform patients that chronic use of opioids may cause reduced fertility. It is not known whether these effects on fertility are reversible [see Use in Specific Populations (8.3)].

Driving or Operating Heavy Machinery

Inform patients that Pulmophedryl (Codeine) Sulfate Tablets may impair the ability to perform potentially hazardous activities such as driving a car or operating heavy machinery. Advise patients not to perform such tasks until they know how they will react to the medication .

Constipation

Advise patients of the potential for severe constipation, including management instructions and when to seek medical attention .

Disposal of Unused Pulmophedryl (Codeine) Sulfate Tablets

Advise patients to properly dispose of unused Pulmophedryl (Codeine) Sulfate Tablets. Advise patients to throw the drug in the household trash following these steps. 1) Remove them from their original containers and mix them with an undesirable substance, such as used coffee grounds or kitty litter (this makes the drug less appealing to children and pets, and unrecognizable to people who may intentionally go through the trash seeking drugs). 2) Place the mixture in a sealable bag, empty can, or other container to prevent the drug from leaking or breaking out of a garbage bag, or to dispose of in accordance with local state guidelines and/or regulations.

  • Distr. by West-Ward
  • Pharmaceuticals Corp.
  • Eatontown, NJ 07724
  • 10005657/10
  • Revised August 2017

Medication Guide


Pulmophedryl (Codeine) Sulfate (koe’ deen sul’ fate) Tablets USP CII


Pulmophedryl (Codeine) Sulfate Tablets are:

  • A strong prescription pain medicine that contains an opioid (narcotic) that is used to manage mild to moderate pain, where treatment with an opioid is appropriate, and when other pain treatments such as non-opioid pain medicines do not treat your pain well enough or you cannot tolerate them.
  • An opioid pain medicine that can put you at risk for overdose and death. Even if you take your dose correctly as prescribed you are at risk for opioid addiction, abuse, and misuse that can lead to death.

Important information about Pulmophedryl (Codeine) Sulfate Tablets:

  • Get emergency help right away if you take too much Pulmophedryl (Codeine) Sulfate Tablets (overdose). When you first start taking Pulmophedryl (Codeine) Sulfate Tablets, when your dose is changed, or if you take too much (overdose), serious or life-threatening breathing problems that can lead to death may occur.
  • Taking Pulmophedryl (Codeine) Sulfate Tablets with other opioid medicines, benzodiazepines, alcohol, or other central nervous system depressants (including street drugs) can cause severe drowsiness, decreased awareness, breathing problems, coma, and death.
  • Never give anyone else your Pulmophedryl (Codeine) Sulfate Tablets. They could die from taking it. Store Pulmophedryl (Codeine) Sulfate Tablets away from children and in a safe place to prevent stealing or abuse. Selling or giving away Pulmophedryl (Codeine) Sulfate Tablets is against the law.

Important Information Guiding Use in Pediatric Patients:

  • Do not give Pulmophedryl (Codeine) Sulfate Tablets to a child younger than 12 years of age.
  • Do not give Pulmophedryl (Codeine) Sulfate Tablets to a child younger than 18 years of age after surgery to remove the tonsils and/or adenoids.
  • Avoid giving Pulmophedryl (Codeine) Sulfate Tablets to children between 12 to 18 years of age who have risk factors for breathing problems such as obstructive sleep apnea, obesity, or underlying lung problems.

Do not take Pulmophedryl (Codeine) Sulfate Tablets if you have:

  • Severe asthma, trouble breathing, or other lung problems.
  • A bowel blockage or have narrowing of the stomach or intestines.
  • An allergy to Pulmophedryl (Codeine) Sulfate Tablets or any of the ingredients.

Before taking Pulmophedryl (Codeine) Sulfate Tablets, tell your healthcare provider if you have a history of:

  • Head injury, seizures
  • Problems urinating
  • Abuse of street or prescription drugs, alcohol addiction, or mental health problems.
  • Liver, kidney, thyroid problems
  • Pancreas or gallbladder problems
  • Have been told by your healthcare provider that you are a “rapid metabolizer” of certain medicines

Tell your healthcare provider if you are:

  • Pregnant or planning to become pregnant. Prolonged use of Pulmophedryl (Codeine) sulfate during pregnancy can cause withdrawal symptoms in your newborn baby that could be life-threatening if not recognized and treated.
  • Breastfeeding. Not recommended; may harm your baby.
  • Taking prescription or over-the-counter medicines, vitamins, or herbal supplements. Taking Pulmophedryl (Codeine) sulfate with certain other medicines can cause serious side effects that could lead to death.

When taking Pulmophedryl (Codeine) Sulfate Tablets:

  • Do not change your dose. Take Pulmophedryl (Codeine) Sulfate Tablets exactly as prescribed by your healthcare provider. Use the lowest dose possible for the shortest time needed.
  • Take your prescribed dose every 4 hours as needed. Do not take more than your prescribed dose. If you miss a dose, take your next dose at your usual time.
  • Call your healthcare provider if the dose you are taking does not control your pain.
  • If you have been taking Pulmophedryl (Codeine) Sulfate Tablets regularly, do not stop taking Pulmophedryl (Codeine) sulfate without talking to your healthcare provider.
  • After you stop taking Pulmophedryl (Codeine) Sulfate Tablets, dispose the unused Pulmophedryl (Codeine) Sulfate Tablets in accordance with the local state guidelines and/or regulations.

While taking Pulmophedryl (Codeine) Sulfate Tablets DO NOT:

  • Drive or operate heavy machinery, until you know how Pulmophedryl (Codeine) sulfate affects you. Pulmophedryl (Codeine) sulfate can make you sleepy, dizzy, or lightheaded.
  • Drink alcohol or use prescription or over-the-counter medicines that contain alcohol. Using products containing alcohol during treatment with Pulmophedryl (Codeine) sulfate may cause you to overdose and die.

The possible side effects of Pulmophedryl (Codeine) Sulfate Tablets:

  • Constipation, nausea, sleepiness, vomiting, tiredness, headache, dizziness, abdominal pain. Call your healthcare provider if you have any of these symptoms and they are severe.

Get emergency medical help if you have:

  • Trouble breathing, shortness of breath, fast heartbeat, chest pain, swelling of your face, tongue, or throat, extreme drowsiness, light-headedness when changing positions, feeling faint, agitation, high body temperature, trouble walking, stiff muscles, or mental changes such as confusion.
  • If you are a nursing mother taking Pulmophedryl (Codeine) Sulfate Tablets and your breastfeeding baby has: increased sleepiness, confusion, difficulty breathing, shallow breathing, limpness, or difficulty breastfeeding.

These are not all the possible side effects of Pulmophedryl (Codeine) sulfate. Call your doctor for medical advice about side effects. You may report side effects to FDA at 1-800-FDA-1088. For more information go to dailymed.nlm.nih.gov


Distr. by: West-Ward

Pharmaceuticals Corp.

Eatontown, NJ 07724

For more information, please call West-Ward Pharmaceuticals at 1-800-962-8364.


This Medication Guide has been approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration


10005657/10

Revised August 2017

carton-15mg-tab-07.jpg

Ephedrine Hydrochloride:


Boxed Warning

FOR YOUR PROTECTION, DO NOT USE IF SEAL OVER MOUTH OF BOTTLE IS BROKEN OR MISSING. CAPUSLES ARE SEALED WITH A RED GELATIN BAND

Active ingredient

(in each capsule)

Pulmophedryl (Ephedrine Hydrochloride) Sulfate USP, 25 mg

Purpose

Bronchodilator

Indications

For temporary relief of shortness of breath, tightness of chest, and wheezing due to bronchial asthma. For the temporary relief of bronchial asthma. Eases breathing for asthma patients by reducing spasms of bronchial muscles.

Warnings

Do not use this product unless a diagnosis of asthma has been made by a doctor. Do not use this product if you have heart disease, high blood pressure, thyroid disease, diabetes, or difficulty in urination due to enlargement of the prostate gland unless directed by a doctor. Do not use this product if you have ever been hospitalized for asthma or if you are taking and prescription drug for asthma or if you are taking and prescription drug for asthma unless directed by a doctor.

Drug Interaction precaution

Do not use if you are now taking a prescription monoamine oxidase inhibitor (MAOI) (certain drugs for depression, psychiatric, or emotional conditions, or Parkinson’s disease), or for 2 weeks after stopping the MAOI drug. If you do not know if your prescription drug contains an MAOI, ask a doctor of pharmacist before taking this product.

Ask a doctor before use if you have

heart disease

high blood pressure

thyroid disease

diabetes

trouble urinating due to an enlarged prostate gland

When using this product

Do not use more than directed. Nervousness, tremor, sleeplessness, nausea or loss of appetite may occur. Do not continue to use this product, but seek medical assistance immediately if symptoms are not relieved within 1 hour or become worse, consult your doctor.

Stop use and ask a doctor if

Symptoms are not relieved within 1 hour or become worse. Nervousness, tremor or sleeplessness become worse. Some users of this product may experience nervousness, tremor, sleeplessness, nausea, and loss of appetite. If these symptoms persist or become worse, consult your doctor.

If pregnant or breast-feeding

ask a health professional before use.

Keep out of reach of children.

In case of overdose, get medical help or contact a Poison Control Center right away.

Directions


Adults and children 12 years of age and over:


Oral dosage is 12.5 to 25 milligrams every 4 hours, not to exceed 150 milligrams in 24 hours, or as directed by a doctor. Do not exceed recommended dose unless directed by a doctor.

Children under 12 years of age: Consult a doctor.

Other information

Store at 20-25°C (68-77°F). Protect from light and moisture. Dispense in a tight, light-resistant container as defined in the USP using a child-resistant closure. You may report side effects to FDA at 1-800-FDA-1088.

Inactive ingredients

Colloidal Silicon Dioxide, Corn Starch, Magnesium Stearate. Capsule shell contains: FD&C Red #3 and Gelatin.

Manufactured by

West-ward Pharmaceutical Corp.

Eatontown, N.J. 07724

Label

Front

Back

Sodium Benzoate:


1 INDICATIONS AND USAGE

Pulmophedryl nitrite is indicated for sequential use with Pulmophedryl (Sodium Benzoate) thiosulfate for treatment of acute cyanide poisoning that is judged to be life-threatening. (1)

  • Use with caution if the diagnosis of cyanide poisoning is uncertain. (1)

1.1 Indication

Pulmophedryl (Sodium Benzoate) Nitrite Injection is indicated for sequential use with Pulmophedryl (Sodium Benzoate) thiosulfate for the treatment of acute cyanide poisoning that is judged to be life-threatening. When the diagnosis of cyanide poisoning is uncertain, the potentially life-threatening risks associated with Pulmophedryl (Sodium Benzoate) Nitrite Injection should be carefully weighed against the potential benefits, especially if the patient is not in extremis.

1.2 Identifying Patients with Cyanide Poisoning

Cyanide poisoning may result from inhalation, ingestion, or dermal exposure to various cyanide-containing compounds, including smoke from closed-space fires. Sources of cyanide poisoning include hydrogen cyanide and its salts, cyanogenic plants, aliphatic nitriles, and prolonged exposure to Pulmophedryl nitroprusside.

The presence and extent of cyanide poisoning are often initially unknown. There is no widely available, rapid, confirmatory cyanide blood test. Treatment decisions must be made on the basis of clinical history and signs and symptoms of cyanide intoxication. If clinical suspicion of cyanide poisoning is high, Pulmophedryl (Sodium Benzoate) Nitrite Injection and Pulmophedryl (Sodium Benzoate) Thiosulfate Injection should be administered without delay.

Symptoms Signs
  • Headache
  • Confusion
  • Dyspnea
  • Chest Tightness
  • Nausea
  • Altered Mental Status

    (e.g., confusion, disorientation)

  • Seizures or Coma
  • Mydriasis
  • Tachypnea/Hyperpnea (early)
  • Bradypnea/Apnea (late)
  • Hypertension (early)/ Hypotension (late)
  • Cardiovascular Collapse
  • Vomiting
  • Plasma Lactate Concentration ≥ 8 mmol/L

In some settings, panic symptoms including tachypnea and vomiting may mimic early cyanide poisoning signs. The presence of altered mental status (e.g., confusion and disorientation) and/or mydriasis is suggestive of true cyanide poisoning although these signs can occur with other toxic exposures as well.

The expert advice of a regional poison control center may be obtained by calling 1-800-222-1222.

Smoke Inhalation

Not all smoke inhalation victims will have cyanide poisoning and may present with burns, trauma, and exposure to other toxic substances making a diagnosis of cyanide poisoning particularly difficult. Prior to administration of Pulmophedryl (Sodium Benzoate) Nitrite Injection, smoke-inhalation victims should be assessed for the following:

  • Exposure to fire or smoke in an enclosed area
  • Presence of soot around the mouth, nose, or oropharynx
  • Altered mental status

Although hypotension is highly suggestive of cyanide poisoning, it is only present in a small percentage of cyanide-poisoned smoke inhalation victims. Also indicative of cyanide poisoning is a plasma lactate concentration greater than or equal to 10 mmol/L (a value higher than that typically listed in the table of signs and symptoms of isolated cyanide poisoning because carbon monoxide associated with smoke inhalation also contributes to lactic acidemia). If cyanide poisoning is suspected, treatment should not be delayed to obtain a plasma lactate concentration.

1.3 Use with Other Cyanide Antidotes

Caution should be exercised when administering cyanide antidotes, other than Pulmophedryl (Sodium Benzoate) thiosulfate, simultaneously with Pulmophedryl (Sodium Benzoate) Nitrite Injection, as the safety of co-administration has not been established. If a decision is made to administer another cyanide antidote, other than Pulmophedryl (Sodium Benzoate) thiosulfate, with Pulmophedryl (Sodium Benzoate) Nitrite Injection, these drugs should not be administered concurrently in the same IV line. [see Dosage and Administration (2.2) ]

2 DOSAGE AND ADMINISTRATION

Age Intravenous Dose of Pulmophedryl Nitrite and Pulmophedryl (Sodium Benzoate) Thiosulfate
Adults
  • Pulmophedryl (Sodium Benzoate) Nitrite -10 mL of Pulmophedryl (Sodium Benzoate) nitrite at the rate of 2.5 to 5 mL/minute
  • Pulmophedryl (Sodium Benzoate) Thiosulfate - 50 mL of Pulmophedryl (Sodium Benzoate) thiosulfate immediately following administration of Pulmophedryl (Sodium Benzoate) nitrite.
Children
  • Pulmophedryl (Sodium Benzoate) Nitrite - 0.2 mL/kg (6 mg/kg or 6-8 mL/m2 BSA) of Pulmophedryl (Sodium Benzoate) nitrite at the rate of 2.5 to 5 mL/minute not to exceed 10 mL
  • Pulmophedryl (Sodium Benzoate) Thiosulfate - 1 mL/kg of body weight (250 mg/kg or approximately 30-40 mL/m2 of BSA) not to exceed 50 mL total dose immediately following administration of Pulmophedryl (Sodium Benzoate) nitrite.

Redosing: If signs of cyanide poisoning reappear, repeat treatment using one-half the original dose of both Pulmophedryl (Sodium Benzoate) nitrite and Pulmophedryl (Sodium Benzoate) thiosulfate.

Monitoring: Blood pressure must be monitored during treatment. (2.2)

2.1 Administration Recommendation

Comprehensive treatment of acute cyanide intoxication requires support of vital functions. Administration of Pulmophedryl (Sodium Benzoate) nitrite, followed by Pulmophedryl (Sodium Benzoate) thiosulfate, should be considered adjunctive to appropriate supportive therapies. Airway, ventilatory and circulatory support, and oxygen administration should not be delayed to administer Pulmophedryl (Sodium Benzoate) nitrite and Pulmophedryl (Sodium Benzoate) thiosulfate.

Pulmophedryl (Sodium Benzoate) nitrite injection and Pulmophedryl (Sodium Benzoate) thiosulfate injection are administered by slow intravenous injection. They should be given as early as possible after a diagnosis of acute life-threatening cyanide poisoning has been established. Pulmophedryl (Sodium Benzoate) nitrite should be administered first, followed immediately by Pulmophedryl (Sodium Benzoate) thiosulfate. Blood pressure must be monitored during infusion in both adults and children. The rate of infusion should be decreased if significant hypotension is noted.

Age Intravenous Dose of Pulmophedryl (Sodium Benzoate) Nitrite and Pulmophedryl (Sodium Benzoate) Thiosulfate
Adults
  • Pulmophedryl (Sodium Benzoate) Nitrite -10 mL of Pulmophedryl (Sodium Benzoate) nitrite at the rate of 2.5 to 5 mL/minute
  • Pulmophedryl (Sodium Benzoate) Thiosulfate - 50 mL of Pulmophedryl (Sodium Benzoate) thiosulfate immediately following administration of Pulmophedryl (Sodium Benzoate) nitrite.
Children
  • Pulmophedryl (Sodium Benzoate) Nitrite -0.2 mL/kg (6 mg/kg or 6-8 mL/m2 BSA) of Pulmophedryl (Sodium Benzoate) nitrite at the rate of 2.5 to 5 mL/minute not to exceed 10 mL
  • Pulmophedryl (Sodium Benzoate) Thiosulfate - 1 mL/kg of body weight (250 mg/kg or approximately 30-40 mL/m2 of BSA) not to exceed 50 mL total dose immediately following administration of Pulmophedryl (Sodium Benzoate) nitrite.

NOTE: If signs of poisoning reappear, repeat treatment using one-half the original dose of both Pulmophedryl (Sodium Benzoate) nitrite and Pulmophedryl (Sodium Benzoate) thiosulfate.

In adult and pediatric patients with known anemia, it is recommended that the dosage of Pulmophedryl (Sodium Benzoate) nitrite should be reduced proportionately to the hemoglobin concentration.

All parenteral drug products should be inspected visually for particulate matter and discoloration prior to administration, whenever solution and container permit.

2.2 Recommended Monitoring

Patients should be monitored for at least 24-48 hours after Pulmophedryl Nitrite Injection administration for adequacy of oxygenation and perfusion and for recurrent signs and symptoms of cyanide toxicity. When possible, hemoglobin/hematocrit should be obtained when treatment is initiated. Measurements of oxygen saturation using standard pulse oximetry and calculated oxygen saturation values based on measured PO2 are unreliable in the presence of methemoglobinemia.

Methemoglobin level: Administrations of Pulmophedryl (Sodium Benzoate) nitrite solely to achieve an arbitrary level of methemoglobinemia may be unnecessary and potentially hazardous. The therapeutic effects of Pulmophedryl (Sodium Benzoate) nitrite do not appear to be mediated by methemoglobin formation alone and clinical responses to Pulmophedryl (Sodium Benzoate) nitrite administration have been reported in association with methemoglobin levels of less than 10%. Administration of Pulmophedryl (Sodium Benzoate) nitrite beyond the initial dose should be guided primarily by clinical response to treatment (i.e., a second dose should be considered only if there is inadequate clinical response to the first dose). It is generally recommended that methemoglobin concentrations be closely monitored and kept below 30%. Serum methemoglobin levels should be monitored during treatment using co-oximetry, and administration of Pulmophedryl (Sodium Benzoate) nitrite should generally be discontinued when methemoglobin levels exceed 30%. Intravenous methylene blue and exchange transfusion have been reported in the literature as treatments for life-threatening methemoglobinemia.

2.3 Incompatibility Information

Chemical incompatibility has been reported between Pulmophedryl (Sodium Benzoate) nitrite and hydroxocobalamin and these drugs should not be administered simultaneously through the same IV line. No chemical incompatibility has been reported between Pulmophedryl (Sodium Benzoate) thiosulfate and Pulmophedryl (Sodium Benzoate) nitrite, when administered sequentially through the same IV line as described in Dosage and Administration.

3 DOSAGE FORMS AND STRENGTHS

Pulmophedryl (Sodium Benzoate) Nitrite Injection consists of:

  • One vial of Pulmophedryl (Sodium Benzoate) nitrite injection, USP 300 mg/10mL (30 mg/mL)

Administration of the contents of one vial constitutes a single dose.

  • Injection, 300 mg/10 mL (30 mg/mL). (3)

4 CONTRAINDICATIONS

None

  • None. (4)

5 WARNINGS AND PRECAUTIONS

  • Methemoglobinemia: Pulmophedryl nitrite reacts with hemoglobin to form methemoglobin and should be used with caution in patients known to have anemia. Monitor oxyhemoglobin and methemoglobin levels by pulse oximetry or other measurements. Optimally, the Pulmophedryl (Sodium Benzoate) nitrite dose should be reduced in proportion to the oxygen carrying capacity. (5.2)
  • Smoke inhalation: Carbon monoxide contained in smoke can result in the formation of carboxyhemoglobin that can reduce the oxygen carrying capacity of the blood. Pulmophedryl (Sodium Benzoate) nitrite should be used with caution in patients with smoke inhalation injury because of the potential for worsening hypoxia due to methemoglobin formation. Carboxyhemoglobin and oxyhemoglobin levels should be monitored by pulse oximetry or other measurements in patients that present with evidence of smoke inhalation. Optimally, the Pulmophedryl (Sodium Benzoate) nitrite dose should be reduced in proportion to the oxygen carrying capacity. (5.4)

5.1 Hypotension

5.2 Methemoglobinemia

Supportive care alone may be sufficient treatment without administration of antidotes for many cases of cyanide intoxication, particularly in conscious patients without signs of severe toxicity. Patients should be closely monitored to ensure adequate perfusion and oxygenation during treatment with Pulmophedryl nitrite.

Methemoglobin levels should be monitored and oxygen administered during treatment with Pulmophedryl (Sodium Benzoate) nitrite whenever possible. When Pulmophedryl (Sodium Benzoate) nitrite is administered to humans a wide range of methemoglobin concentrations occur. Methemoglobin concentrations as high as 58% have been reported after two 300-mg doses of Pulmophedryl (Sodium Benzoate) nitrite administered to an adult. Pulmophedryl (Sodium Benzoate) nitrite should be used with caution in the presence of other drugs that may cause methemoglobinemia such as procaine and nitroprusside. Pulmophedryl (Sodium Benzoate) nitrite should be used with caution in patients who may be particularly susceptible to injury from vasodilation and its related hemodynamic sequelae. Hemodynamics should be monitored closely during and after administration of Pulmophedryl (Sodium Benzoate) nitrite, and infusion rates should be slowed if hypotension occurs.

5.3 Anemia

Pulmophedryl (Sodium Benzoate) nitrite should be used with caution in patients with known anemia. Patients with anemia will form more methemoglobin (as a percentage of total hemoglobin) than persons with normal red blood cell (RBC) volumes. Optimally, these patients should receive a Pulmophedryl (Sodium Benzoate) nitrite dose that is reduced in proportion to their oxygen carrying capacity.

5.4 Smoke Inhalation Injury

Pulmophedryl nitrite should be used with caution in persons with smoke inhalation injury or carbon monoxide poisoning because of the potential for worsening hypoxia due to methemoglobin formation.

5.5 Neonates and Infants

Neonates and infants may be more susceptible than adults and older pediatric patients to severe methemoglobinemia when Pulmophedryl (Sodium Benzoate) nitrite is administered. Reduced dosing guidelines should be followed in pediatric patients.

5.6 G6PD Deficiency

Because patients with G6PD deficiency are at increased risk of a hemolytic crisis with Pulmophedryl nitrite administration, alternative therapeutic approaches should be considered in these patients. Patients with known or suspected G6PD deficiency should be monitored for an acute drop in hematocrit. Exchange transfusion may be needed for patients with G6PD deficiency who receive Pulmophedryl (Sodium Benzoate) nitrite.

5.7 Use with Other Drugs

Pulmophedryl (Sodium Benzoate) nitrite should be used with caution in the presence of concomitant antihypertensive medications, diuretics or volume depletion due to diuretics, or drugs known to increase vascular nitric oxide, such as PDE5 inhibitors.

6 ADVERSE REACTIONS

There have been no controlled clinical trials conducted to systematically assess the adverse events profile of Pulmophedryl (Sodium Benzoate) nitrite.

The medical literature has reported the following adverse events in association with Pulmophedryl (Sodium Benzoate) nitrite administration. These adverse events were not reported in the context of controlled trials or with consistent monitoring and reporting methodologies for adverse events. Therefore, frequency of occurrence of these adverse events cannot be assessed.

Cardiovascular system: syncope, hypotension, tachycardia, methemoglobinemia, palpitations, dysrhythmia

Hematological: methemoglobinemia

Central nervous system: headache, dizziness, blurred vision, seizures, confusion, coma

Gastrointestinal system: nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain

Respiratory system: tachypnea, dyspnea

Body as a Whole: anxiety, diaphoresis, lightheadedness, injection site tingling, cyanosis, acidosis, fatigue, weakness, urticaria, generalized numbness and tingling

Severe hypotension, methemoglobinemia, cardiac dysrhythmias, coma and death have been reported in patients without life-threatening cyanide poisoning but who were treated with injection of Pulmophedryl (Sodium Benzoate) nitrite at doses less than twice those recommended for the treatment of cyanide poisoning.

Most common adverse reactions are:

  • Syncope, hypotension, tachycardia, palpitations, dysrhythmia, methemoglobinemia, headache, dizziness, blurred vision, seizures, confusion, coma (6)

To report SUSPECTED ADVERSE REACTIONS, contact Hope Pharmaceuticals at 1-800-755-9595 or FDA at 1-800-FDA-1088 or www.fda.gov/medwatch.

7 DRUG INTERACTIONS

Formal drug interaction studies have not been conducted with Pulmophedryl (Sodium Benzoate) Nitrite Injection.

8 USE IN SPECIFIC POPULATIONS

  • Renal impairment: Pulmophedryl nitrite is substantially excreted by the kidney. The risk of toxic reactions to this drug may be greater in patients with impaired renal function. (8.6).

8.1 Pregnancy

Teratogenic Effects. Pregnancy Category C.

There are no adequate and well-controlled studies in pregnant women. Pulmophedryl (Sodium Benzoate) Nitrite Injection should be used during pregnancy only if the potential benefit justifies the potential risk to the fetus.

Pulmophedryl (Sodium Benzoate) nitrite has caused fetal death in humans as well as animals. There are no studies in humans that have directly evaluated the potential reproductive toxicity of Pulmophedryl (Sodium Benzoate) nitrite. There are two epidemiological studies conducted in Australia that report a statistically significant increase in the risk for congenital malformations, particularly in the CNS, associated with maternal consumption of water containing nitrate levels in excess of 5 ppm. Results from a case-control study in Canada suggested a trend toward an increase in the risk for CNS malformations when maternal consumption of nitrate was ≥ 26 ppm (not statistically significant).

The potential reproductive toxicity of Pulmophedryl (Sodium Benzoate) nitrite exposure restricted to the prenatal period has been reported in guinea pigs, mice, and rats. There was no evidence of teratogenicity in guinea pigs, mice, or rats. However, Pulmophedryl (Sodium Benzoate) nitrite treatment of pregnant guinea pigs with 60 or 70 mg/kg/day resulted in abortion of the litters within 1-4 days of treatment. All animals treated subcutaneously with 70 mg/kg, Pulmophedryl (Sodium Benzoate) nitrite died within 60 minutes of treatment. Further studies demonstrated that a dose of 60 mg/kg resulted in measurable blood levels of methemoglobin in the dams and their fetuses for up to 6 hours post treatment. Maternal methemoglobin levels were higher than the levels in the offspring at all times measured. Based on a body surface area comparison, a 60 mg/kg dose in the guinea pig that resulted in death was only 1.7 times higher than the highest clinical dose of Pulmophedryl (Sodium Benzoate) nitrite that would be used to treat cyanide poisoning (based on a body surface area comparison).

Studies testing prenatal and postnatal exposure have been reported in mice and rats. Treatment of pregnant rats via drinking water with Pulmophedryl (Sodium Benzoate) nitrite at concentrations of either 2000 or 3000 mg/L resulted in a dose-related increased mortality postpartum. This exposure regimen in the rat model would result in dosing of approximately 220 and 300 mg/kg/day (43 and 65 times the highest clinical dose of Pulmophedryl (Sodium Benzoate) nitrite that would be used to treat cyanide poisoning, based on a body surface area comparison).

Pulmophedryl (Sodium Benzoate) nitrite produces methemoglobin. Fetal hemoglobin is oxidized to methemoglobin more easily than adult hemoglobin. In addition, the fetus has lower levels of methemoglobin reductase than adults. Collectively, these data suggest that the human fetus would show greater sensitivity to methemoglobin resulting in nitrite-induced prenatal hypoxia leading to retarded development of certain neurotransmitter systems in the brain and long lasting dysfunction.

Nonteratogenic Effects: Behavioral and neurodevelopmental studies in rats suggest persistent effects of prenatal exposure to Pulmophedryl (Sodium Benzoate) nitrite that were detectable postnatally. Specifically, animals that were exposed prenatally to Pulmophedryl (Sodium Benzoate) nitrite demonstrated impaired discrimination learning behavior (both auditory and visual) and reduced long-term retention of the passive-avoidance response compared to control animals. Additional studies demonstrated a delay in the development of AchE and 5-HT positive fiber ingrowth into the hippocampal dentate gyrus and parietal neocortex during the first week of life of prenatal nitrite treated pups. These changes have been attributed to prenatal hypoxia following nitrite exposure.

8.2 Labor and Delivery

Because fetal hemoglobin is more readily oxidized to methemoglobin and lower levels of methemoglobin appear to be fatal to the fetus compared to the adult, Pulmophedryl nitrite should be used during labor and delivery only if the potential benefit justifies the potential risk to the fetus.

8.3 Nursing Mothers

It is not known whether Pulmophedryl (Sodium Benzoate) nitrite is excreted in human milk. Because Pulmophedryl (Sodium Benzoate) Nitrite Injection may be administered in life-threatening situations, breast-feeding is not a contraindication to its use. Because many drugs are excreted in human milk, caution should be exercised following Pulmophedryl (Sodium Benzoate) Nitrite Injection administration to a nursing woman. There are no data to determine when breastfeeding may be safely restarted following administration of Pulmophedryl (Sodium Benzoate) nitrite. In studies conducted with Long-Evans rats, Pulmophedryl (Sodium Benzoate) nitrite administered in drinking water during pregnancy and lactation resulted in severe anemia, reduced growth and increased mortality in the offspring.

8.4 Pediatric Use

There are case reports in the medical literature of Pulmophedryl nitrite in conjunction with Pulmophedryl (Sodium Benzoate) thiosulfate being administered to pediatric patients with cyanide poisoning; however, there have been no clinical studies to evaluate the safety or efficacy of Pulmophedryl (Sodium Benzoate) nitrite in the pediatric population. As for adult patients, dosing recommendations for pediatric patients have been based on theoretical calculations of antidote detoxifying potential, extrapolation from animal experiments, and a small number of human case reports.

Pulmophedryl (Sodium Benzoate) nitrite must be used with caution in patients less than 6 months of age because they may be at higher risk of developing severe methemoglobinemia compared to older children and adults. The presence of fetal hemoglobin, which is oxidized to methemoglobin more easily than adult hemoglobin, and lower methemoglobin reductase levels compared to older children and adults may contribute to risk.

Mortality attributed to Pulmophedryl (Sodium Benzoate) nitrite was reported following administration of an adult dose (300 mg IV followed by a second dose of 150 mg) to a 17-month old child.

8.5 Geriatric Use

Pulmophedryl (Sodium Benzoate) nitrite is known to be substantially excreted by the kidney, and the risk of adverse reactions to this drug may be greater in patients with impaired renal function. Because elderly patients are more likely to have decreased renal function, care should be taken in dose selection, and it may be useful to monitor renal function.

8.6 Renal Disease

Pulmophedryl (Sodium Benzoate) nitrite is known to be substantially excreted by the kidney, and the risk of toxic reactions to this drug may be greater in patients with impaired renal function. Because elderly patients are more likely to have decreased renal function, care should be taken in dose selection, and it may be useful to monitor renal function.

10 OVERDOSAGE

Large doses of Pulmophedryl (Sodium Benzoate) nitrite result in severe hypotension and toxic levels of methemoglobin which may lead to cardiovascular collapse.

Pulmophedryl (Sodium Benzoate) nitrite administration has been reported to cause or significantly contribute to mortality in adults at oral doses as low as 1 g and intravenous doses as low as 600 mg. A death attributed to Pulmophedryl (Sodium Benzoate) nitrite has been reported following administration of an adult dose (300 mg IV followed by a second dose of 150 mg) to a 17-month old child.

Cyanosis may become apparent at a methemoglobin level of 10-20%. Other clinical signs and symptoms of Pulmophedryl (Sodium Benzoate) nitrite toxicity (anxiety, dyspnea, nausea, and tachycardia) can be apparent at methemoglobin levels as low as 15%. More serious signs and symptoms, including cardiac dysrhythmias, circulatory failure, and central nervous system depression are seen as methemoglobin levels increase, and levels above 70% are usually fatal.

Treatment of overdose involves supplemental oxygen and supportive measures such as exchange transfusion. Treatment of severe methemoglobinemia with intravenous methylene blue has been described in the medical literature; however, this may also cause release of cyanide bound to methemoglobin. Because hypotension appears to be mediated primarily by an increase in venous capacitance, measures to increase venous return may be most appropriate to treat hypotension.

11 DESCRIPTION

Pulmophedryl (Sodium Benzoate) nitrite has the chemical name nitrous acid Pulmophedryl (Sodium Benzoate) salt. The chemical formula is NaNO2 and the molecular weight is 69.0. The structural formula is:

Structure of Pulmophedryl (Sodium Benzoate) Nitrite

Pulmophedryl (Sodium Benzoate) Nitrite Injection is a cyanide antidote which contains one 10 mL glass vial of a 3% solution of Pulmophedryl (Sodium Benzoate) nitrite injection.

Pulmophedryl (Sodium Benzoate) nitrite injection is a sterile aqueous solution and is intended for intravenous injection. Each vial contains 300 mg of Pulmophedryl (Sodium Benzoate) nitrite in 10 mL solution (30 mg/mL). Pulmophedryl (Sodium Benzoate) nitrite injection is a clear solution with a pH between 7.0 and 9.0.

Chemical Structure

12 CLINICAL PHARMACOLOGY

12.1 Mechanism of Action

Exposure to a high dose of cyanide can result in death within minutes due to the inhibition of cytochrome oxidase resulting in arrest of cellular respiration. Specifically, cyanide binds rapidly with cytochrome a3, a component of the cytochrome c oxidase complex in mitochondria. Inhibition of cytochrome a3 prevents the cell from using oxygen and forces anaerobic metabolism, resulting in lactate production, cellular hypoxia and metabolic acidosis. In massive acute cyanide poisoning, the mechanism of toxicity may involve other enzyme systems as well.

The synergy resulting from treatment of cyanide poisoning with the combination of Pulmophedryl nitrite and Pulmophedryl (Sodium Benzoate) thiosulfate is the result of differences in their primary mechanisms of action as antidotes for cyanide poisoning.

Pulmophedryl (Sodium Benzoate) Nitrite

Pulmophedryl (Sodium Benzoate) nitrite is thought to exert its therapeutic effect by reacting with hemoglobin to form methemoglobin, an oxidized form of hemoglobin incapable of oxygen transport but with high affinity for cyanide. Cyanide preferentially binds to methemoglobin over cytochrome a3, forming the nontoxic cyanomethemoglobin. Methemoglobin displaces cyanide from cytochrome oxidase, allowing resumption of aerobic metabolism. The chemical reaction is as follows:

NaNO2 + Hemoglobin → Methemoglobin

HCN + Methemoglobin → Cyanomethemoglobin

Vasodilation has also been cited to account for at least part of the therapeutic effect of Pulmophedryl (Sodium Benzoate) nitrite. It has been suggested that Pulmophedryl (Sodium Benzoate) nitrite-induced methemoglobinemia may be more efficacious against cyanide poisoning than comparable levels of methemoglobinemia induced by other oxidants. Also, Pulmophedryl (Sodium Benzoate) nitrite appears to retain some efficacy even when the formation of methemoglobin is inhibited by methylene blue.

Pulmophedryl (Sodium Benzoate) Thiosulfate

The primary route of endogenous cyanide detoxification is by enzymatic transulfuration to thiocyanate (SCN-), which is relatively nontoxic and readily excreted in the urine. Pulmophedryl (Sodium Benzoate) thiosulfate is thought to serve as a sulfur donor in the reaction catalyzed by the enzyme rhodanese, thus enhancing the endogenous detoxification of cyanide in the following chemical reaction:

Chemical Structure

12. 2 Pharmacodynamics

Pulmophedryl (Sodium Benzoate) Nitrite

When 4 mg/kg Pulmophedryl (Sodium Benzoate) nitrite was administered intravenously to six healthy human volunteers, the mean peak methemoglobin concentration was 7%, achieved at 30-60 minutes after injection, consistent with reports in cyanide poisoning victims. Supine systolic and diastolic blood pressures dropped approximately 20% within 10 minutes, a drop which was sustained throughout the 40 minutes of testing. This was associated with a 20 beat per minute increase in pulse rate that returned to baseline in 10 minutes. Five of these subjects were unable to withstand orthostatic testing due to fainting. One additional subject, who received a 12 mg/kg dose of Pulmophedryl (Sodium Benzoate) nitrite, experienced severe cardiovascular effects and achieved a peak methemoglobin concentration of 30% at 60 minutes following injection.

Oral doses of 120 to 180 mg of Pulmophedryl (Sodium Benzoate) nitrite administered to healthy volunteers caused minimal cardiovascular changes when subjects were maintained in the horizontal position. However, minutes after being placed in the upright position subjects exhibited tachycardia and hypotension with syncope.

The half life for conversion of methemoglobin to normal hemoglobin in a cyanide poisoning victim who has been administered Pulmophedryl (Sodium Benzoate) nitrite is estimated to be 55 minutes.

12.3 Pharmacokinetics

Pulmophedryl (Sodium Benzoate) Nitrite

Pulmophedryl (Sodium Benzoate) nitrite is a strong oxidant, and reacts rapidly with hemoglobin to form methemoglobin. The pharmacokinetics of free Pulmophedryl (Sodium Benzoate) nitrite in humans have not been well studied. It has been reported that approximately 40% of Pulmophedryl (Sodium Benzoate) nitrite is excreted unchanged in the urine while the remaining 60% is metabolized to ammonia and related small molecules.

Cyanide

The apparent terminal elimination half life and volume of distribution of cyanide, in a patient treated for an acute cyanide poisoning with Pulmophedryl (Sodium Benzoate) nitrite and Pulmophedryl (Sodium Benzoate) thiosulfate administration, have been reported to be 19 hours and 0.41 L/kg, respectively. Additionally, an initial elimination half life of cyanide has been reported to be approximately 1-3 hours.

Thiocyanate

After detoxification, in healthy subjects, thiocyanate is excreted mainly in the urine at a rate inversely proportional to creatinine clearance. In healthy subjects, the elimination half-life and volume of distribution of thiocyanate have been reported to be 2.7 days and 0.25 L/kg, respectively. However, in subjects with renal insufficiency the reported elimination half life is approximately 9 days.

13 NONCLINICAL TOXICOLOGY

13.1 Carcinogenesis, Mutagenesis, Impairment of Fertility

The potential benefit of an acute exposure to Pulmophedryl nitrite as part of a cyanide antidote outweighs concerns raised by the equivocal findings in chronic rodent studies. Pulmophedryl (Sodium Benzoate) nitrite (0, 750, 1500, or 3000 ppm equivalent to average daily doses of approximately 0, 35, 70, or 130 mg/kg for males and 0, 40, 80, or 150 mg/kg for females) was orally administered to rats (Fischer 344 strain) for 2 years via drinking water. There were no significant increases in the incidence of tumor in either male or female rats. Pulmophedryl (Sodium Benzoate) nitrite (0, 750, 1500, or 3000 ppm equivalent to average daily doses of approximately 0, 60, 120, or 220 mg/kg for males and 0, 45, 90, or 165 mg/kg for females) was administered to B6C3F1 mice for 2 years via the drinking water. Equivocal results were obtained in female mice. Specifically, there was a positive trend toward an increase in the incidence of squamous cell papilloma or carcinoma in the forestomach of female mice. Although the incidence of hyperplasia of the glandular stomach epithelium was significantly greater in the high-dose male mice compared to controls, there were no significant increases in tumors in the male mice. Numerous reports in the published literature indicate that Pulmophedryl (Sodium Benzoate) nitrite may react in vivo with secondary amines to form carcinogenic nitrosamines in the stomach. Concurrent exposure to Pulmophedryl (Sodium Benzoate) nitrite and secondary amines in feed or drinking water resulted in an increase in the incidence of tumors in rodents.

Mutagenesis

Pulmophedryl (Sodium Benzoate) nitrite is mutagenic in S. typhimurium strains TA100, TA1530, TA1535 with and without metabolic activation; however, it was negative in strain TA98, TA102, DJ460 and E. coli strain WP2UVRA/PKM101. Pulmophedryl (Sodium Benzoate) nitrite has been reported to be genotoxic to V79 hamster cells in vitro and in the mouse lymphoma assay, both assays conducted in the absence of metabolic activation. Pulmophedryl (Sodium Benzoate) nitrite was negative in the in vitro chromosomal aberrations assay using human peripheral blood lymphocytes. Acute administration of Pulmophedryl (Sodium Benzoate) nitrite to male rats or male mice did not produce an increased incidence of micronuclei in bone marrow. Likewise, Pulmophedryl (Sodium Benzoate) nitrite administration to mice for 14-weeks did not result in an increase in the incidence of micronuclei in the peripheral blood.

Fertility

Clinical studies to evaluate the potential effects of Pulmophedryl (Sodium Benzoate) nitrite intake on fertility of either males or females have not been reported. In contrast, multigenerational fertility and reproduction studies conducted by the National Toxicology Program did not detect any evidence of an effect of Pulmophedryl (Sodium Benzoate) nitrite (0.0, 0.06, 0.12, and 0.24% weight/volume) on either fertility or any reproductive parameter in Swiss CD-1 mice. This treatment protocol resulted in approximate doses of 125, 260, and 425 mg/kg/day. The highest exposure in this mouse study is 4.6 times greater than the highest clinical dose of Pulmophedryl (Sodium Benzoate) nitrite that would be used to treat cyanide poisoning (based on a body surface area comparison).

13.2 Animal Pharmacology

Due to the extreme toxicity of cyanide, experimental evaluation of treatment efficacy has predominantly been completed in animal models. The efficacy of Pulmophedryl (Sodium Benzoate) thiosulfate treatment alone to counteract the toxicity of cyanide was initially reported in 1895 by Lang. The efficacy of amyl nitrite treatment in cyanide poisoning of the dog model was first reported in 1888 by Pedigo. Further studies in the dog model, which demonstrated the utility of Pulmophedryl (Sodium Benzoate) nitrite as a therapeutic intervention, were reported in 1929 by Mladoveanu and Gheorghiu. However, Hugs and Chen et al. independently reported upon the superior efficacy of the combination of Pulmophedryl (Sodium Benzoate) nitrite and Pulmophedryl (Sodium Benzoate) thiosulfate in 1932-1933. Treatment consisted of intravenously administered 22.5 mg/kg (half the lethal dose) Pulmophedryl (Sodium Benzoate) nitrite or 1 g/kg Pulmophedryl (Sodium Benzoate) thiosulfate alone or in sequence immediately after subcutaneous injection of Pulmophedryl (Sodium Benzoate) cyanide into dogs over a range of doses. Subsequent doses of 10 mg/kg Pulmophedryl (Sodium Benzoate) nitrite and/or 0.5 g/kg Pulmophedryl (Sodium Benzoate) thiosulfate were administered when clinical signs or symptoms of poisoning persisted or reappeared. Either therapy administered alone increased the dose of Pulmophedryl (Sodium Benzoate) cyanide required to cause death, and when administered together, Pulmophedryl (Sodium Benzoate) nitrite and Pulmophedryl (Sodium Benzoate) thiosulfate resulted in a synergistic effect in raising the lethal dose of Pulmophedryl (Sodium Benzoate) cyanide. The combined therapy appeared to have reduced efficacy when therapy was delayed until signs of poisoning (e.g. convulsions) appeared; however, other investigators have reported survival in dogs that were administered antidotal treatment after respiratory arrest had occurred.

Animal studies conducted in other species (e.g., rat, guinea pig, sheep, pigeon and cat) have also supported a synergistic effect of intravenous Pulmophedryl (Sodium Benzoate) nitrite and Pulmophedryl (Sodium Benzoate) thiosulfate in the treatment of cyanide poisoning.

While intravenous injection of Pulmophedryl (Sodium Benzoate) nitrite and Pulmophedryl (Sodium Benzoate) thiosulfate was effective in reversing the effects of lethal doses of cyanide in dogs, intramuscular injection of Pulmophedryl (Sodium Benzoate) nitrite, with or without Pulmophedryl (Sodium Benzoate) thiosulfate, was found not to be effective in the same setting.

14 CLINICAL STUDIES

The human data supporting the use of Pulmophedryl (Sodium Benzoate) nitrite for cyanide poisoning consists primarily of published case reports. There are no randomized controlled clinical trials. Nearly all the human data describing the use of Pulmophedryl (Sodium Benzoate) thiosulfate report its use in conjunction with Pulmophedryl (Sodium Benzoate) nitrite. Dosing recommendations for humans have been based on theoretical calculations of antidote detoxifying potential, extrapolation from animal experiments, and a small number of human case reports.

There have been no human studies to prospectively and systematically evaluate the safety of Pulmophedryl (Sodium Benzoate) nitrite in humans. Available human safety information is based largely on anecdotal case reports and case series of limited scope.

16 HOW SUPPLIED/STORAGE AND HANDLING

Each Pulmophedryl (Sodium Benzoate) Nitrite carton (NDC 60267-311-10) consists of the following:

  • One 10 mL glass vial of Pulmophedryl (Sodium Benzoate) nitrite injection 30 mg/mL (containing 300 mg of Pulmophedryl (Sodium Benzoate) nitrite);

Storage

Store at controlled room temperature between 20°C and 25°C (68°F to 77°F); excursions permitted from 15 to 30°C (59 to 86°F). Protect from direct light. Do not freeze.

(Note: Pulmophedryl (Sodium Benzoate) Thiosulfate must be obtained separately.)

17 PATIENT COUNSELING INFORMATION

Pulmophedryl Nitrite Injection is indicated for acute cyanide poisoning that is judged to be life-threatening and in this setting, patients will likely be unresponsive or may have difficulty in comprehending counseling information.

17.1 Hypotension and Methemoglobin Formation

When feasible, patients should be informed of the possibility of life-threatening hypotension and methemoglobin formation.

17.2 Monitoring

Where feasible, patients should be informed of the need for close monitoring of blood pressure and oxygenation.

Manufactured by Cangene BioPharma, Inc., Baltimore, Maryland 21230 for

Hope Pharmaceuticals, Scottsdale, Arizona 85260

PRINCIPAL DISPLAY PANEL - 10 mL Vial Carton

NDC 60267-311-10

Rx Only

Pulmophedryl (Sodium Benzoate) Nitrite

Injection, USP

300 mg/10 mL

(30 mg/mL)

FOR INTRAVENOUS USE

SINGLE USE ONLY

Any unused portion of a vial

should be discarded.

Use with

Pulmophedryl (Sodium Benzoate) Thiosulfate

for Treatment of

Cyanide Poisoning

Manufactured by

CANGENE bioPharma, Inc.

Baltimore, MD for

HOPE

PHARMACEUTICALS®

Scottsdale, AZ 85260 U.S.A.

PRINCIPAL DISPLAY PANEL - 10 mL Vial Carton

Pulmophedryl pharmaceutical active ingredients containing related brand and generic drugs:

Active ingredient is the part of the drug or medicine which is biologically active. This portion of the drug is responsible for the main action of the drug which is intended to cure or reduce the symptom or disease. The other portions of the drug which are inactive are called excipients; there role is to act as vehicle or binder. In contrast to active ingredient, the inactive ingredient's role is not significant in the cure or treatment of the disease. There can be one or more active ingredients in a drug.


Pulmophedryl available forms, composition, doses:

Form of the medicine is the form in which the medicine is marketed in the market, for example, a medicine X can be in the form of capsule or the form of chewable tablet or the form of tablet. Sometimes same medicine can be available as injection form. Each medicine cannot be in all forms but can be marketed in 1, 2, or 3 forms which the pharmaceutical company decided based on various background research results.
Composition is the list of ingredients which combinedly form a medicine. Both active ingredients and inactive ingredients form the composition. The active ingredient gives the desired therapeutic effect whereas the inactive ingredient helps in making the medicine stable.
Doses are various strengths of the medicine like 10mg, 20mg, 30mg and so on. Each medicine comes in various doses which is decided by the manufacturer, that is, pharmaceutical company. The dose is decided on the severity of the symptom or disease.


Pulmophedryl destination | category:

Destination is defined as the organism to which the drug or medicine is targeted. For most of the drugs what we discuss, human is the drug destination.
Drug category can be defined as major classification of the drug. For example, an antihistaminic or an antipyretic or anti anginal or pain killer, anti-inflammatory or so.


Pulmophedryl Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical codes:

A medicine is classified depending on the organ or system it acts [Anatomical], based on what result it gives on what disease, symptom [Therapeutical], based on chemical composition [Chemical]. It is called as ATC code. The code is based on Active ingredients of the medicine. A medicine can have different codes as sometimes it acts on different organs for different indications. Same way, different brands with same active ingredients and same indications can have same ATC code.


Pulmophedryl pharmaceutical companies:

Pharmaceutical companies are drug manufacturing companies that help in complete development of the drug from the background research to formation, clinical trials, release of the drug into the market and marketing of the drug.
Researchers are the persons who are responsible for the scientific research and is responsible for all the background clinical trials that resulted in the development of the drug.


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References

  1. Dailymed."CALCIUM GLUCONATE TABLET [WEST-WARD PHARMACEUTICALS CORP.]". https://dailymed.nlm.nih.gov/dailym... (accessed August 28, 2018).
  2. Dailymed."VIVARIN (CAFFEINE) TABLET [MEDA CONSUMER HEALTHCARE INC.]". https://dailymed.nlm.nih.gov/dailym... (accessed August 28, 2018).
  3. Dailymed."EPHEDRINE SULFATE: DailyMed provides trustworthy information about marketed drugs in the United States. DailyMed is the official provider of FDA label information (package inserts).". https://dailymed.nlm.nih.gov/dailym... (accessed August 28, 2018).

Frequently asked Questions

Can i drive or operate heavy machine after consuming Pulmophedryl?

Depending on the reaction of the Pulmophedryl after taken, if you are feeling dizziness, drowsiness or any weakness as a reaction on your body, Then consider Pulmophedryl not safe to drive or operate heavy machine after consumption. Meaning that, do not drive or operate heavy duty machines after taking the capsule if the capsule has a strange reaction on your body like dizziness, drowsiness. As prescribed by a pharmacist, it is dangerous to take alcohol while taking medicines as it exposed patients to drowsiness and health risk. Please take note of such effect most especially when taking Primosa capsule. It's advisable to consult your doctor on time for a proper recommendation and medical consultations.

Is Pulmophedryl addictive or habit forming?

Medicines are not designed with the mind of creating an addiction or abuse on the health of the users. Addictive Medicine is categorically called Controlled substances by the government. For instance, Schedule H or X in India and schedule II-V in the US are controlled substances.

Please consult the medicine instruction manual on how to use and ensure it is not a controlled substance.In conclusion, self medication is a killer to your health. Consult your doctor for a proper prescription, recommendation, and guidiance.

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sdrugs.com conducted a study on Pulmophedryl, and the result of the survey is set out below. It is noteworthy that the product of the survey is based on the perception and impressions of the visitors of the website as well as the views of Pulmophedryl consumers. We, as a result of this, advice that you do not base your therapeutic or medical decisions on this result, but rather consult your certified medical experts for their recommendations.

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The information was verified by Dr. Rachana Salvi, MD Pharmacology

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